Evaluate the case for cutting public expenditure rather Essay

A fiscal deficit is when a government’s total expenditures exceed the tax revenues that it generates. A budget deficit can be cut by either reducing public expenditure or raising taxes. In this essay, I am going to analyse the benefits and costs of increasing tax rates to reduce fiscal deficits instead of cutting government expenditure. First of all, if the government decides to cut current public expenditure, it will lead to a reduced quantity and quality of public goods and service. For example, closing NHS direct call centres down which results in lower living standard. Moreover as the spending in sectors such as healthcare and education is cut, these services may need to redundant staff to stay within their new budgets. For instance if the NHS’s budget is cut they will lay-off additional staff. Those public sector workers may find it difficult to find a new job in private sector if they are not competitive enough to compete with other people in the labour market, leading to higher unemployment conflicting with the government macroeconomic objective of low unemployment rate. Also higher unemployment will mean less income tax revenue, lower VAT receipts, higher welfare payments, as well as lower standards of living. If the government is to cut capital expenditure this is the type of expenditure that expands LRAS. It might not cause serious problems in short run, however in long run less spending on for example education and healthcare will result in a less educated and skilled workforce and a less healthy workforce. The negative effects of inadequate skilled human capital in the long run include lower productivity which makes the economy less competitive internationally compared with for example Germany. It in turn leads to deterioration on balance of payment, economic stagnant growth and inflationary pressure as labour costs increase. Thirdly, government spending is an injection into the circular flow of income. A decrease in the government spending will incur negative wealth effect and therefore lead to weaker economic growth. In addition, the  government spending is one of the components of aggregate demand, consequently, lower GDP. In a demand-deficient recession, consumption and investment tend to decrease due to lower income and revenue, the (X-M) component tends to level off or worsen in short run, which makes government spending an essential device to stimulate the economy. Therefore a decrease in the government spending will cause an even deeper recession and a larger budget deficit. Last but not least, a decrease in government spending could mean worse income distribution compared with increasing progressive tax. This is because transfer payment forms almost a third of the governments budgets and so by cutting expenditure it is very likely that it will also be cut making the poor poorer and widening the gap. On the other hand, taxes could be increased progressively by for example increasing marginal income taxes so that the people with high income pay more than the poor narrowing the gap between. However, there are also some drawbacks associated with raising taxes. Tax is a form of leakage from the circular flow of income leading to negative multiplier effect. If the government increases income tax rates, it might create disincentives to work. It is because when income tax increases, the opportunity cost for leisure time decreases; and people will have to work longer hours to earn the same disposable income. Some people may therefore prefer claiming Jobseekers’ Allowance instead of working. If the corporation tax is to be increased, there will be disincentive for firms to locate in the UK, leading to less investment and corporation tax revenues. Additionally, an increase in the National Insurance may discourage firms taking more employers as the NI is paid per employee. Secondly, if the government raises higher income by increasing indirect taxes for example VAT, it may also have problems. It shifts the SRAS curve to the left as the cost of production increases. And it may therefore push up the price level and reduce the level of output. Moreover, indirect taxes are regressive taxes, which impose a greater burden relative to the incomes on the poor than on the rich. Thirdly, as the public sector is basically non-profit, their allocation of resources believed to be less efficient than the profit-making private sector firms. Therefore reducing public expenditure may lead to greater efficiency and productivity by for example removing unnecessary layer of management hence more effective communication and better service provided by the public sector. Last but not least, the choices between the two possible ways and their effects depend on the macroeconomic situation- for example the unemployment rate and the size of the public sector. If the size of the public sector is small, the adjustment on government spending might not be very large and the effect on budget deficit wouldn’t be significant. If the unemployment rate is high, for example 26% general rate and 50% youth rate in Spain, making it very hard to raise taxes. Apparently, both reducing government spending and increasing tax rates will lead to a lower AD, but they will have different other effects. Therefore the choice between this two may depend on macroeconomic situation and what the government is focusing on achieving. VICKKIE

Application of Colloids

Applications of Colloids| Colloids play a very important role in nature, in our daily life and in industry. Some of the important applications of colloids are discussed below. 1. Food stuffs and medicines:  Many of our food stuffs are colloidal in nature. Milk, butter, whipped cream, fruit jellies, ice cream, bread etc. are all colloidal in nature. For example, milk is an emulsion of butter fat in water, stabilized by milk protein (casein). Ice cream is a dispersion of colloidal ice particles in cream. Similarly, bread consists of air dispersed in baked dough.Colloidal medicines are more effective and are easily absorbed by the body system. Therefore a large number of pharmaceutical preparations are emulsions. Halibut-liver oil, cod-liver oil, skin ointments etc. are emulsions. Antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin etc. are usually injected in the body in colloidal form. Several metal sols are also used as medicines. 2. Purification of water:  In water works, water is usua lly purified by the addition of certain electrolytes such as potash alum, aluminium sulphate etc. This involves the phenomenon of coagulation.The impure water usually contains dispersed colloidal particles which cannot be removed by filtration. When potash alum is added to impure water, the negatively charged colloidal particles of impurities get coagulated by the action of Al3+  ions furnished by the alum and can be removed by filtration or decantation. 3. Sewage disposal:  Sewage water contains particles of dirt, mud etc. which are colloidal in nature and carry some electrical charge. These particles may be removed by using the phenomenon of electrophoresis.The sewage water is passed through a tunnel fitted with metallic electrodes and maintained at a high potential difference. The colloidal particles present in the sewage water migrate to the oppositely charged electrodes and get coagulated. This solves the problem of sewage disposal. Moreover, the rubbish matter obtained on account of the coagulation of colloidal dirt particles may be used as manure. | 4. Smoke precipitation:  Smoke is colloidal system and consists of electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon dispersed in air. As smoke is a big source of pollution.It is always desirable to precipitate it, i. e. , to remove colloidal carbon particles present in it. The removal of colloidal carbon particles from smoke can be effected by using the phenomenon of electrophoresis. This is achieved in an apparatus called Cottrell precipitator as shown in figure. Smoke is allowed to pass through a chamber having a number of metal plates attached to a metal wire connected to a source of high potential (20,000 to 70,000V). The electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon and dust get discharged when come in contact with the oppositely charged plates and fall down to the bottom.The clean hot air leaves the precipitator from an exit near the top. 5. Artificial rain:  Clouds are colloidal systems and consist of water vapour mixed with dust particles. The water molecules present in a cloud develop some electrical charge. Therefore, clouds can be made to rain by neutralizing the charge present on colloidal particles (water molecules). This type of rain is called artificial rain and may be carried out by spraying oppositely charged colloidal dust or sand particles over a cloud. This neutralizes the charge on water molecules and compels them to get coagulated, i. . to rain. 6. Rubber industry:  Latex obtained from rubber trees is an emulsion consisting of a dispersion of negatively charged rubber particles in water. In order to obtain rubber from latex, the latter is boiled when rubber particles get coagulated. The coagulated mass is vulcanized and sold as natural rubber. Rubber-plated articles can be prepared directly from latex by electrically depositing the negatively charged rubber particles over the article to be rubber-plated by making the article an anode in the rubber -plating bath. 7.Leather tanning:  During the tanning of leather, the positively charged colloidal particles of raw skin and hides are coagulated by the negatively charged tanning materials which include tannin and compounds of aluminium and chromium. On soaking hides in the solutions of tanning materials, the coagulation of negatively charged tanning materials takes place in the pores of hides and the latter get hardened. 8. Cleansing action of soaps:  Soaps solution is colloidal in nature and removes dirt and oil from clothes by forming water soluble emulsion as explained earlier. . Smoke screen:  In chemical warfare, smoke screens are generally used to hide the movement of troops. Smoke screens are the colloidal dispersions of very fine particles of titanium oxide in air. 10. Formation of delta:  When a river falls into the sea, extensive deposits of sand and clay are formed at the mouth of the river in the sea. Such deposits are called delta. The river water contains col loidal particles of sand and clay which carry negative charge. The sea water contains a number of positive ions such as Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+  ion etc.When the river water comes in contact with sea water, the negative charge present on colloidal sand and clay particles get neutralized by the positively charged ions (present in sea water) and they get coagulated. The coagulated sand and clay particles settle down and take the shape of delta in due course of time. 11. Blue colour of the sky:  The sky is the empty space around earth and as such has no colour. It appears blue due to the scattering of light by the colloidal dust particles present in air (Tyndall effect). 12. Preparation of Nano-materials:  Nano-materials which are used as catalyst are prepared by using reverse micelles. 3. Building roads:  Now a day, roads are built asphalt emulsified in water. This technique does not require the necessity of melting the asphalt. 14. Metallurgical operations:  Several metal ores are concentrated by froth floatation process. This process involves the treatment of the pulverized ore in emulsion of pine oil. What are the Applications of Colloids? Colloids play a very significant role in nature and in our daily life. Some of the important applications of colloids are discussed below: 1) Medicines: Medicines in colloidal form are easily adsorbed by the body tissues and hence are more effective. ) Sewage disposal: Colloidal particles of the dirt, mud etc. carry electric charge, hence when sewage water is passed through the plates kept at a high potential, the colloidal particles are coagulated due to electrophoresis and the suspended matter gets removed. 3) Purification of water: The precipitation of colloidal impurities present in water can be done by adding certain electrolytes like alum etc. the negatively charged colloidal particles of impurities get neutralized by the Al3+ ions and settle down and pure water can be decanted off. 4) Cleansing action of soap: Soap solution is colloidal in nature.It removes the dirt particles either by adsorption or by emulsifying the greasy matter sticking to the cloth. 5) Formation of Delta: River water contains charged colloidal particles of clay, sand and many other materials. Sea water is very big store house of a variety of electrolytes dissolved in it. As soon as river water comes in contact with sea water coagulate the suspended colloidal particles which ultimately settle down at the point of contact. Thus the level of the river bed rises. As a result, water adopts a different course and delta is formed in due course of time. ) Smoke precipitation: Smoke particles are actually electrically charged colloidal particles of carbon in the air. Precipitation of smoke particles is carried out by Cottrell precipitator which is based on the principle of electrophoresis. Smoke is allowed to pass through a chamber having a number of metal plates attached to a metal wire connected to a source of high potential. C harged particles of smoke get attracted by oppositely charge electrode get precipitated after losing their charge and the hot air passes out through the chimney.The dust particles are also removed in this process. Thus the nuisance of smoke in big industrial cities can be avoided. 7) Photography: A colloidal solution of silver bromide in gelatin is applied on glass plates or celluloid films or paper to from sensitive plates in photography. 8 ) Artificial rain: Artificial rain can be caused by spraying oppositely charged colloidal dust or sand particles over a cloud. The colloidal water particles present in the cloud will be neutralized and coagulate to from bigger water drops causing artificial rain. 9) Rubber industry:Latex is a colloidal solution of negatively charged rubber particles. From latex, rubber can be obtained by coagulation. Rubber plated articles are prepared by depositing negatively charged rubber particles over the article to be rubber plated by making that article a n anode in a rubber plating bath. 10) Smoke screen: In warfare smoke screens are used which are nothing but colloidal dispersion of certain substances in the air. 11) Other applications: a) Blue color of the sky is due to the scattering of light by colloidal dust particles in air (Tyndall effect).Similarly, sea water looks blue due to scattering of light by the colloidal impurities present in sea water. b) Tail of comets is seen as a Tyndall cone due to the scattering of light by the tiny solid particles left by the comet in its path. c) Blood is a colloidal solution and the stoppage of bleeding on applying ferric chloride solution is due to coagulation of blood forming a clot. Colloids-Chemistry and Applications What are Colloids ? In a true solution as sugar or salt in water, the solute particles are dispersed in the solvent as single molecules or ions.Thus the diameter of the dispersed particles ranges from 1A to 10 A. On the other hand, in a suspension as sand stirred into water , the dispersed particles are aggregates of millions of molecules. The diameter of these particles is of the order 2,000 A or more. Applications of Colloids Colloids play an important role in our daily life and industry. A knowledge of colloid chemistry is essential to understand some of the various natural phenomena around us. Colloids make up some of our modern products. A few of the important applications of colloids are listed below. (1) Foods:Many of our foods are colloidal in nature.Milk is an emulsion of butterfat in water protected by a protein, casein. Salad dressing, gelatin deserts, fruit jellies and whipped cream are other examples. Ice cream is a dispersion of ice in cream. Bread is a dispersion of air in baked dough. (2) Medicines: Colloidal medicines being finely divided, are more effective and are easily absorbed in our system. Halibut-liver oil and cod-liver that we take are, in fact, the emulsions of the respective oils in water. Many ointments for application to s kin consist of physiologically active components dissolved in oil and made into an emulsion with water.Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin are produced in colloidal form suitable for injections. (3) Non-drip or thixotropic paints: All paints are colloidal dispersions of solid pigments in a liquid medium. The modern nondrip or thixotropic paints also contain long-chain polymers. At rest, the chains of molecules are coiled and entrap much dispersion medium. Thus the paint is a semisolid gel structure. When shearing stress is applied with a paint brush, the coiled molecules straighten and the entrapped medium is released. As soon as the brush is removed, the liquid paint reverts to the semisolid form.This renders the paint ‘non-drip’. (4) Electrical precipitation of smoke: The smoke coming from industrial plants is a colloidal dispersion of solid particles (carbon, arsenic compounds, cement dust) in air. It is a nuisance and pollutes the atmosphere. Therefore, before allowing the smoke to escape into air, it is treated by Cottrell Precipitator. The smoke is let past a series of sharp points charged to a high potential (20,000 to 70,000 V). The points discharge high velocity electrons that ionise molecules in air. Smoke particles adsorb these positive ions and become charged.The charged particles are attracted to the oppositely charged electrodes and get precipitated. The gases that leave the Cottrell precipitator are thus freed from smoke. In addition, valuable materials may be recovered from the precipitated smoke. For example, arsenic oxide is mainly recovered from the smelter smoke by this method. (5) Clarification of Municipal water: The municipal water obtained from natural sources often contains colloidal particles. The process of coagulation is used to remove these. The sol particles carry a negative charge.When aluminium sulphate (alum) is added to water, a gelatinous precipitate of hydrated aluminium hydroxide (floc) is formed, A l3+ + 3H2O —- Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al(OH)3 + 4H2O + H+ —– Al(OH)3(H2O)4 The positively charged floc attracts to it negative sol particles which are coagulated. The floc along with the suspended matter comes down, leaving the water clear. (6) Artificial Kidney machine:  The human kidneys purify the blood by dialysis through natural membranes. The toxic waste  products such as urea and uric acid pass through the membranes, while colloidal-sized particles of  blood proteins (haemoglobin) are retained.Kidney failure, therefore, leads to death due to accumulation  of poisonous waste products in blood . Now-a-days, the patient’s blood can be cleansed by shunting  it into an ‘artificial kidney machine’. Here the impure blood is made to pass through a series of  cellophane tubes surrounded by a washing solution in water. The toxic waste chemicals (urea, uric  acid) diffuse across the tube walls into the washing solution. The purified blood is returned to the  patient. The use of artificial kidney machine saves the life of thousands of persons each year.The phenomenon of the scattering of light by the sol particles is called Tyndall effect. (7) Blue colour of the sky:  This is an application of Tyndall effect. The upper atmosphere contains colloidal dust or ice  particles dispersed in air. As the sun rays enter the atmosphere these strike the colloidal  particles. The particles absorb sunlight and scatter light of blue colour (4600–5100A). The light that  Ã‚  is incident at earth’s surface is considerably reddened due to the removal of most of the blue light in  the upper atmosphere.

Appiled Arts Essay

Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the â€Å"applied arts. † Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object’s primary function. ?Sensitivity to physical laws is thus an important consideration for the maker of applied-art objects. It is often taken for granted that this is also true for the maker of fine-art objects. This assumption misses a significant difference between the two disciplines. Fine-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics in the same way that applied-art objects are. Because their primary purpose is not functional, they are only limited in terms of the materials used to make them. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor’s aesthetic intentions, placed the ball there. That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze). Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant. It would therefore not be too great an exaggeration to say that practitioners of the fine arts work to overcome the limitations of their materials, whereas those engaged in the applied arts work in concert with their materials.

The role of controlled drug release in cancer therapeutics Dissertation

The role of controlled drug release in cancer therapeutics - Dissertation Example These technologies are also responsible for the control of drug release in therapeutics because it protects therapeutic agents structurally from the physiological barriers that they could be facing. These technologies also create the development of bioactive macromolecules that are of a novel class such as the DNA. The other reason that nanoparticle technology is used for this purpose of controlled levels of drug use is that these technologies can be used to make the practitioners and the patients monitor delivery of the drugs besides the in vivo efficiency that is accredited with therapeutic agents. The nanotechnology was given a boost when its products were approved for clinical use by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) based in the United States. Many of these technologies are still under pre-clinic and clinic development to make them more efficient and effective for the purpose in therapy for cancer patients who need this kind of updated technologies. The nanotechnology compo nents that have been clinically approved are majorly the first generation and primarily comprised of polymer-drug conjugates and liposomal drugs that are simplistic in nature. They lack the active-controlled or targeting the drug release components. Novel nanoparticles platforms that function in various aspects of the therapy have been designed by researchers to make the nanoparticles more effective and safer for the patients to whom these kinds of treatment are applied for improved results for the patients.

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of Essay

Should teens in the United Arab Emirates adopt the British custom of taking a gap-year or one year break from studying bet - Essay Example The United Arab Emiretes is one such country that is considering introducing the program in its education system. This follows the advantages associated with adopting the program as has been cited in countries where the program is a custom. Nevertheless, some skeptics have criticised the program arguing that it adds no good to the students and should not be adopted. Gap Years-United Arab Emirates Introduction The term â€Å"Gap Year† for a long time had been associated with the western and European countries, particularly the U.K. and the U.S.. â€Å"Gap Year† refers to the time duration in which high school students are allowed some time off from academic work before proceeding to colleges (Griffith, 2005). Griffith (2005) argues that gap year programs are mainly created to allow students to have fun, travel, participate in community services, as well as for personal growth. Britain is one among the countries in Europe that has adopted this custom within its education curriculum. Griffith (2005) points out that about 660,000 U.K. high school leavers take a Gap Year before proceeding to colleges. This custom has also been adopted in the U.S. as well, where students are being allowed to take a gap year before they can proceed to colleges. ... This paper will examines the reasons why teens in the United Arab Emirate (UAE) should adopt the Gap year custom of Britain. To begin with, Haigler and Nelson (2005) argue that learning about the world is one of the best forms of education that a child can get. However, teens can only learn more about the world if they can have some time to travel. Despite the fact that gap years are not designed for travelling, Haigler and Nelson (2005) reveal that a majority of teens who take gap years seize the chance to travel to foreign countries. This enables these teens to have a feeling of peculiar cultures, which acts as lessons as they discover new things that they would not have otherwise learnt if they did not get the opportunity to travel. Therefore, allowing UAE teens to take a gap year will be beneficial for their personal development in exploring different parts of the world and learning new cultures, which is very good experience. Griffith (2005) argues that people only live once. Th erefore, teens should be given sometime off to have fun and enjoy themselves. This can only become a reality in the UAE is teens are allowed to take a gap year before joining high school. This is because taking a gap year will give them the opportunity to travel, explore, adventure, and discover more about themselves. In fact, reports indicate that thousands of British school leavers use gap years to have fun. The gap year program needs to be adopted by the UAE because it will give the teens the opportunity to learn more about themselves. For instance, gap years will enable UAE teens who have grown up in a structured family with clearly defined goals be it academic, sports, or athletics to be free to assess themselves.

BP Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BP Portfolio - Essay Example In the next section, the study will shed light on issues regarding types of people that are important for the organization, problems being faced by employees in British Petroleum (BP) while negotiating with other people, evaluating impact of mentioned conflict on organizational success and recommendations for addressing people driven conflict situation in BP. According to Huczynski and Buchanan (2010) and Fuller and Marler (2009), organizational effectiveness depends heavily on its ability to manage performance, work attitude and personal attributes of employees. Fuller and Marler (2009) argued that neither do people in the organization perform equally well nor are they considered as equally important, due to difference in skill and competency level. Mullins and Christy (2013) also supported the fact that personality and work attitude of individuals need to match with performance expectation and vision statement of the organization in order to classify those individuals as important. ... According to Schuster’s (2012) report [Helmut Schuster is Group HR Director in BP], human resource department of BP follows five step model to select human capital who can give important and valuable contribution to business success of the company. These five steps can be defined as, 1- attracting best global talent through stringent qualification criteria, 2- providing training and developing skill competency among recruits, 3- deploying diverse succession planning to ensure steady supply of talent pool, 4- managing the motivation of individuals through transparent performance based reward system and 5- engaging employees in knowledge sharing and inclusive organizational culture in order to enhance their contribution level. BP wants certain skill set from the hired such as, strong academic background, ability to grasp technical and cross-functional knowledge effectively, ability to make decisions in contingent and critical situation, coordinating and communicating with other members while working in team and ability to deliver performance in a consistent manner (Schuster, 2012). As per the talent requirements of BP, three types of people may be most effective for the organisation. Type 1- this set of people can be classified as aspirer or individuals, who join BP for achieving materialistic objectives (British Petroleum, 2012). These set of people are ready to follow business objectives and performance of codes of British Petroleum, in non-hesitant manner, for achieving high career growth. As motivation of these employees is driven by financial outcome and career growth, hence it becomes difficult for British Petroleum to retain engagement level of these people in sustainable manner. Type 2- this set of

Micrometerology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Micrometerology - Essay Example If the south faces slop to its north hemisphere or north faces slope to its south hemisphere then the temperature in such areas is likely to be higher than the opposing slopes because sunlight stays longer on such surfaces causing longer warmth. In this regard a practical exercise was conducted to evaluate variations along the university. There were two group who spotted variations at 8 different locations from 1200 hours to 1230 hours. Whereas the factors used for the study were Soil temperature, Air temperature (at shoulder height), Relative Humidity, Wind speed (at shoulder height). According to the findings of first location, the maximum air temperature was recorded at 12.3 which was 5.6 0C while minimum temperature was at 12.15pm. In second location, the maximum temperature was 6.8 0C. In third location the highest recorded air temperature was 110C which is the highest all variations recorded so far. In fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth location the air temperature was noted highest at 8.60C, 3.00C, 4.30C and 5.2 respectively. Soil temperature along the university surrounding revealed some sort of consistency except the seventh location where the average variations were no doubt consistent over time but the temperature of soil at seventh location was the maximum given all the locations and time frame for temperature analysis. Besides these recorded soil temperatures, the lowest temperature documented was at 3.40C around 12.05pm. The graphical pattern of findings also reflected an inconsistent soil temperature across university. Third factor reported in the study was relative humidity. The highest percentage of relative humidity came to light at 12.30 pm in the fourth location whereas the lowest percentage was in the first location at 12.05 hours. The percentage of humidity would also refer to the moister around the university The statistical findings of micro climate

Finance Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance Final - Essay Example Leasing makes sense when one will try to look at it from the point of view of saving. If it is substantial to generate saving with leasing, then it makes sense to go for leasing than owning. In real situation, it is hard to own an asset by which depreciation may add up only to a remarkable cost. In this case, it is necessary to eliminate the associated cost with depreciation, which can be incurred if the owner will decide to own the asset. The good thing about leasing in this case is the opportunity for the individual to at least get rid of the remarkable costs associated with owning that may be addressed by just leasing an asset. At the bottom line, the CFO tries to look at the great impact of his financial decision on the organization in general. In this case, it is always a substantial consideration to understand the probable risks of a project or a certain investment. It is important on the part of the CFO to considerably analyze and look at the potential risks in the future. After all, he is always looking forward to sustainability in the future in order to continue the business operation and ensure effective development of strategies. Investment is something that is necessary to make sense from the point of view of the CFO. Therefore, if a project has certain potential for sustainability with considerable risks involved then the CFO will most likely drink to that. The three dividend theories are dividend irrelevance theory, bird-in-the-hand theory, and tax-preference theory. The dividend irrelevance theory puts forward the main point that without taxes or bankruptcy costs the prevailing dividend policy can be irrelevant at some point. The bird-in-the-hand theory suggests that dividend is relevant, because the retained earnings will further give the firm a brighter investment in the future. The tax-preference theory on the other hand suggests that

Critical analysis of market access with regard to the ECJ rules on Outline

Critical analysis of market access with regard to the ECJ rules on free movement of goods - Outline Example To be noted in this regard, ECJ has imposed a few laws regarding the free movements of goods and market integration within EU member states. ECJ has also imposed several laws that has emphasised environmental protection as well as social policies ensuring transparency and equality to a considerable extent2. Based on this understanding, the study intends to examine the pros and cons associated with the free movement of goods allowed by ECJ, to obtain a critical purview of the market access enjoyed by participant countries. An elaborated rational will be delivered regarding the method to be used when considering the stated aim for this study. To be noted in this regard, as the study will follow a qualitative approach, it is important to determine the variables to be considered when performing the intended thematic analysis of the gather information. With this emphasis, the chapter will hence discuss about the assumptions taken to interpret how market access to EU, for the member states as well as for the foreign nationals, are getting influenced by the prevailing free trade regime as per the ECJ. This chapter will elaborate on the importance of ECJ over internal market integration. This particular chapter will therefore contain a critical review of the viewpoints presented by researchers that will help to provide a detailed overview regarding the ECJ’s contribution towards the market integration. A methodological brief of the study will also be delivered in this section wherein the rationalisation will be provided concerning the selection of the literature. To be stated precisely, literature published within the span of past 10 years will be considered for the study, although this bar of the mentioned period will be ignored when referring to cases. That is, cases must be relevant to free trade of goods in EU and be registered under ECJ to be

Josephine Beauharnais Essay Example for Free

Josephine Beauharnais Essay Behind every great man lies an even greater woman. The woman adds character to the man and also affects his actions and morals. The story of Napoleon Bonaparte would be incomplete without consideration of his first wife, Josephine. She contributed so much to his development and passion because of her influence. This greatly impacted his leadership, military victories, and and was an inspiration behind the Napoleonic Code. Therefore without Josephine’s influence, Napoleon would not have become who he was. To understand Napoleon one must first understand Josephine Bonaparte’s history. Marie was the first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.She was a popular Empress and had many defining characteristics which helped to shape her life. Josephine had a great impact on Napoleon’s emotions which affected the decisions and actions that he made directly and indirectly. (PBS; Napoleon and Josephine, http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_josephine/courtship/page_1.html) She made him feel secure, provided him with emotional support, and gave him confidence which ultimately had a bearing on his decisions and actions. (PBS; Napoleon and Josephine, http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_josephine/emperor/page_1.html) Another one of the ways in which Josephine helped Napoleon was through his military accomplishments. Prior to meeting Josephine, Napoleon was nothing more than a short, slight, shabby young artillery man, lacking real military victories. (Mossiker, 79) Josephine allowed Napoleon to strive for more than just a mistress but love. (Mossiker, 81) His fondness for her still remained with him even during his battles. After their wedding, he successfully conquered Italy in 1796-97. (Mossiker, 202) He continued his success conquering Egypt and this battle was significant because France gained a lot of gold and rare gems as well as the Rosetta stone; which was the key to hieroglyphic translations. (Mossiker, 134-139) While Napoleon was fighting his campaigns, Josephine used her connections to Frances political leaders to further Napoleons political career, hosting several parties that resulted in Napoleon quickly being promoted. That resulted in Napoleon gaining national prestige. (Josephines Influence on Napoleon, http://sphseuro.blogspot.ca/2009/02josephines-influence-on-napoleon.html) However, Josephine was chronically unfaithful to Napoleon. Napoleon nearly ended his Italian Campaign early simply to return to France and confront his wife. (Josephines Influence on Napoleon, http://sphseuro.blogspot.ca/2009/02josephines-influence-on-napoleon.html) A letter written to Josephine from Napoleon on the subject of her infidelity was published in several English newspapers, which mocked France and its ruler. Her several affairs almost led to their divorce, but Napoleon felt that a seemingly stable marriage would further his political aspirations and the two remained married. Josephines Influence on Napoleon, http://sphseuro.blogspot.ca/2009/02josephines-influence-on-napoleon.html) Therefore, even without her being present on the battle field, or even in the same country, it was Josephines inspirational spirit, that encouraged Napoleon throughout all of his major victories against Italy and Egypt. Napoleon created a code in which reflected his morals towards the family unit and marriage. In 1803, Napoleon established his own code of laws in order to repeal previous laws that weakened marriage. (The Law Behind the Man, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/napoleon.html) The 1792 divorce law was repealed and drastically changed. Before it was possible for either a husband or wife to petition for a divorce on numerous grounds, but Napoleon changed the laws so divorce could only be petitioned for under mutual consent and incompatibility. (The Law Behind the Man, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/napoleon.html) There were criteria that had to be met before a husband or wife could petition for a divorce on either of those grounds; if it was because of incompatibility the petitioner had to show proof of cruelty, adultery, or objected to certain humiliating forms of punishment administered by her spouse (Phillips 1988, p. 185). This is significant because it helps strengthen the family by giving both husband and wife the power to separa te. The Napoleonic Code also emphasized the family as a functioning unit. The needs and desires of the individual had been put ahead of others in the eighteenth century. (The Law Behind the Man, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/napoleon.html) Napoleon heightened parental authority by requiring their permission in divorce cases and a husbands power by reducing the rights of his wife. A wife.owed obedience to her husband, a husband protection to his wife, and that the wife was obliged by law to live with her husband and to follow him wherever he judged it convenient to live. (Phillips 1988, p. 186) This law strengthened the family unit, giving each marriage partner specific duties and rules. Again, because of Josephine’s influence he created this law to protect his family by providing more structure in the family unit. Even though it may seem that Josephine did not have a more profound impact on the world as Napoleon did, her relationship with Napoleon helped to motivate him to develop his military, personal, social achievements. Without Josephine, Napoleon would not have accomplished what he did and the world we know today would be drastically different. Works Cited Biography.com. A+E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . Courtiers and Favourites of Royalty. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Open Library. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . only read the short 4 paged biography Empress Josephine. London: Oxford UP, 1963. Print. Encyclopedia Brittanica. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . European History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . Heritage History. Heritage-History, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . History Reference Centre. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Ebscohost. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . Napoleon and Josephine. N.p.: Simon, n.d. Print. Bonaparte. London: Allen Unwin, n.d. Print. Empress Josephine. Cambridge: Knapton, 1964. Print. Frances Mossikers Napoleon Josephine. N.p.: Frances Mossiker, 1965. Print. Napoleon. New York: Aubry, 1964. Print. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: Thompson, 1952. Print.

American And Korean Student Culture

American And Korean Student Culture In the current essay we will review the Cultural differences between American students and Korean students. In the modern world cultural relations are very important. Due to the globalization countries cooperate more closely and build new relationships built on the current trends. Although the cultural differences are considerable, there are many common things that can be found in different cultures. Modern people have almost unique goals in several areas, as the majority of the population wants to study and then to find a job that will suit a person. There are certain differences between American and Korean student in culture and other aspects. For example, according to Kara Miller (2009), among American students very often there is no change in effort and no improvement in time management. Cultural differences between American students and Korean students Often, it is difficult to balance studying and playing games and staying online. By the time students are in college, habits can be tough to change. If youre used to playing video games like Modern Warfare or Halo all night, how do you fit in four hours of homework? Or rest up for class? Sometimes, even foreign students do better in studies and have more intentions to study and to learn the foreign language. According to Kara Miller (2009), Too many 18-year-old Americans, meanwhile, text one another under their desks (certain they are sly enough to go unnoticed), check e-mail, decline to take notes, and appear tired and disengaged. There are many distractions and less discipline among American students, as stated in My lazy American students. It can be said that because of the certain aspects of the American culture, American students enjoy communication, they are used to using the technologies that are always near, and studying has to be diverse and interesting. That is why there ca n be seen clear differences between American students and students in other countries. Of course all American students are different, and many of them are talented, hard-working, they listen intently and pay attention to studies. The majority of American students use their knowledge, innovative approaches, which results in a creative work. These peculiarities belong to American students. Although, the creativity without knowledge does not bring any benefits. In 2007 it was reported that eighth graders in even our best-performing states like Massachusetts scored below peers in Singapore, South Korea, and Japan, while students in our worst-performing states like Mississippi were on par with eighth graders in Slovakia, Romania, and Russia., according to the American Institutes for Research. Also, there is a knowledge gap and the lack of the basic knowledge among American students. They prefer to concentrate only on what they are interested in and they do not want to know a little about everything. It can be also said that the time management is considered a problem among American students. They spend a lot of time going somewhere, even late at night. It is the way of life and the aspect of the culture that has to be accepted. Missing studies by different reasons is not a way out, as the best way to study is in the classroom. In 2002, it was found that most 18- to 24-year-olds could not find Afghanistan, Iraq, or Japan on a map, ranking them behind counterparts in Sweden, Great Britain, Canada, Italy, Japan, France, and Germany., according to National Geographic-Roper survey. It is sad that some students are not interested in the outer world, as they are focused on their problems and several topics that they are interested in. According to Kara Miller (2009), success is in the time management and in a globalizing economy, Americans inability to stay focused and work hard could prove to be a serious problem. Working hard is the main principle that has to be present in each culture in each country. In comparison with the American students, it is believed that Korean students make more efforts to study better and better, and finally succeed. Korean students are more responsible in their studies and they are not used to distract on other things. They are used to concentrate on studies and then to do everything else, as this is the rules of the implemented culture. According to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010) , Korean students spend up to 14 hours a day in some form of education, including after school classes, studying with a tutor or taking supplementary courses, such as English, Chinese, Music, and Maths.- Jeonju, South Korea. 24/01/2010. Studying for so long is determined by the effects and the expected outcome in the future, in getting the best possible job and life. Also, Korea has a long cultural tradition that places a strong emphasis on higher education, which contributes to the students international success. A middle school teacher Mr. Bae says that Korea wants to be the first among other countries. From elementary to high school, Korean students spend up to 14 hours a day, including after school classes, studying with a tutor or taking supplementary courses, such as English, Chinese, music, and math at the local neighborhood hogwon., according to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010). As a fact, a Korean students life is dominated by the need to pass an exam to gain entry into a high school and getting a high score to gain admittance into a prestigious university. Korean students have to build character and independence by being responsible for their schools janitorial work, which includes taking out the garbage, sweeping, vacuuming, and cleaning the toilets., according to South Korean students face long hours of study (2010). The considerable influence on Korean students comes from their parents, their culture, traditions, goals in life and the main aims. According to some independent opinions, Korean students study better, as it depends on the importance given to education in general, parental commitment to their childrens education, teachers preparation, and the significance of mathematics for every students successful future., according to Woo Hyung Whang (2011). The culture of Korea values scholarship and Confucianism is also very influential. As well, Parental dedication to childrens education is remarkable in Korea which determines the success of Korean students and their desire to study. Encouragement to study is present in the Korean culture and it is valued very much, as well as the order in everything and true devotion. According to Study compares American students with other countries (2007) , Concern that science and math achievement was not keeping pace with the nations economic competitors had been building even before the most recent Times survey, in which the highest-performing nations were Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan. Today the level of competition among the countries is very high, and each country wants to ensure that its educational system is the best, the most effective and the most perspective. Promotion of education is extremely important and despite the cultural differences American and Korean students try to study better, to set goals and to succeed. It can be said that the culture has a considerable influence on studies, on students relation to them, and to the perspectives that may appear, as stated in Korean students flocking to Canada to study English (2006). I presume that it is important to respect both Korean and American culture, to use different approaches to educate students and to use various ways of evaluation of Korean and American students. It is important to create comfortable conditions for students and teachers, in order to provide a better educational process and to renew the intentions and desire of students to study more and better. Studying is important and cultural differences do not have to influence the educational process. All in all, it can be said that there have to be used different approaches according to cultural differences and peculiarities. Korean students should not be evaluated using the same way with American students. It is important to ensure that the evaluation will be different and that there will be used different approaches, more suitable for Koreans and American students. In some aspects there can be found considerable differences in the culture and the philosophy of the two countries, but the aim is the one- to study better.

Management Respiratory Distress Syndrome Infants Health And Social Care Essay

Management Respiratory Distress Syndrome Infants Health And Social Care Essay Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is one of the most common consequences of prematurity and a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity as a result of immature lungs. RDS particularly affects neonates born before 32 weeks of gestational age but is also recognised in babies with delayed lung maturation of different aetiology i.e. maternal diabetes. Since its initial recognition there have been vast advances in understating the pathology and management of this complex syndrome. However, in order to understand the pathology behind RDS it is imperative to obtain a good foundation of normal lung maturation and physiological changes that occur in the respiratory system during the transition from fetal to neonatal life. Physiological Development and Function of the lungs During intrauterine growth, fetal lung development begins as early as 3 weeks and progresses until 2-3 years. Conventionally it is divided into 5 stages; embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and finally alveolar1 (Table 1). During the embryonic stage, the lungs develop from the fetal ectoderm to form the trachea, the main bronchi, the five lobes of the lung and the major blood vessels that connect the fetal lungs to the heart; the pulmonary arteries. This is followed by the pseudo glandular stage which results in the formation of the terminal bronchioles and associated primitive alveoli. These then further divide in the Canalicular stage to form the primary alveoli and subsequently the alveolar capillary barrier. This stage also comprises the differentiation of Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes which will later go on to produce surfactant. Thus babies born after 24 weeks, have a chance of survival as the platform for basic gas exchange has begun to develop. During the saccular st age there is further differentiation of type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes and the walls of the airways, in particular the alveoli, thin to enlarge the surface area present for gaseous exchange. This is followed by the alveolar stage which occurs through the transition form fetal to neonatal life up until 2-3 years. The hallmark of this stage is alveolar formation and multiplication to augment the surface area available for gas exchange to meet the increasing respiratory demands as the infant grows. Stage Time period Structural Development Embryonic 0-7 weeks Trachea, main bronchi and five lobes of the lungs develop from the fetal ectoderm. Pulmonary arteries form and connect to heart. Pseudoglandular 7-17 weeks Formation of terminal bronchioles and alveoli Canalicular 17-27 weeks Formation of alveoli-capillary barrier and differentiation of type I and II pneumocytes Saccular 28-36 weeks Walls of airway thin for efficacious gas exchange Alveolar 36 weeks -2 years Alveolar multiplication Table 1: Stages of Lung Development Once the pulmonary epithelium develops, it begins to secret fluid into fetal lungs, the volume and rate of which is imperative for normal lung growth. Another important factor essential for normal lung development and function is the production of surfactant. At about 24 weeks of gestation the enzymes and lamellar bodies required for surfactant production and storage begin to appear 3. Thus a normal fetus age is not ready to be delivered at this stage due to surfactant deficiency. As type II pneumocytes mature between 32-36 weeks, surfactant production increases and it is stored in the lamellar bodies of these cells. Surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins 1, 4 that has a fundamental role in maintaining the alveolar-capillary interface and reducing surface tension. It is secreted as a thin film at the liquid-air barriers to facilitate alveolar expansion and prevent end-expiratory collapse of small alveoli, especially at low alveolar volumes. A key event in the development of the lungs is the establishment of spontaneous breathing post-delivery. Prior to delivery the fetal lungs decrease lung fluid production and as the lungs mature there is simultaneous maturation of the lung lymphatic system. During labour the mechanical compression of the fetal chest forces about 1/3 of this lung fluid thus preparing the fetus for spontaneous ventilation. This will require several stimuli; including hypoxia, hypercrabia and acidosis as a results of labour5 and hypothermia and tactile stimulation. Furthermore the stress of labour stimulates chemo-receptors in the fetal aorta and carotids to trigger the respiratory centre in the medulla to commence breathing. As the fetus emerges from the birthing canal, the fetal chest re-expands creating negative airway pressure which subsequently draws air into the lungs. This again forces the lung fluid out of the alveoli and allows for adequate lung expansion. As the newborn cries there is further e xpansion and lung aeration generating positive intrathoracic pressure which maintains alveolar patency and forces any remaining fluid into the lymphatic circulation. As the neonate adapts to extra-uterine life, the normal muscles of respiration work to maintain breathing (Figure 1). In order to inhale, the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract to increase the size of the thorax. This generates negative air pressure in the pleura and lowers the air pressure in the lungs so that the gradient between atmospheric air and alveolar air causes air to enter into the lung of the neonate. As the neonate inhales, the elastic recoil force of the lung increases. Once inspiration ceases, the elastic recoil force of the lung causes expiration. The diaphragm and external intercostals muscles relax, the thorax returns to its pre-inspiratory volume resulting in an increase in intra-thoracic pressure. This pressure is now greater than atmospheric pressure and air moves out of the lungs producing exhalation. Figure 1: The Mechanics of breathing6 For most neonates, this transition from fetal to extra-uterine life is uneventful and completed during the first 24 hours of life. The neonate is able to establish good lung function, maintain cardiac output and thermoregulate. However, for a certain population of neonates, usually those that are born early and thus called preterm, this transition is less smooth and it is these babies that will require the support and care of the whole paediatric department. Respiratory Distress Syndrome Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the most prevalent disorder of prematurity and despite a better understanding of its aetiology and pathology, RDS still accounts for significant neonatal mortality and morbidity. The incidence RDS is inversely proportional to gestational age2 such that it decreases with advancing gestational age, from about 60-80% in babies born at 26-28 weeks, to about 15-30% in babies born at 32-36 weeks 1. Risk factors for developing RDS are summarised in Table 2 and include maternal illness, complications during pregnancy and labour and neonatal complications Table 2: Risk Factors for RDS1 Respiratory distress presents early in post-natal life particularly during the phase of transition from fetal to extra-uterine life. These babies will present with signs of grunting, cyanosis, nasal flaring, intercostal and subcostal recession, increased respiratory effort, and less commonly apnoeic episodes and circulatory failure. The severity of symptoms experienced are related to the pathology of disease and it is important to identify babies at greatest risk and commence management early in order to prevent respiratory complications such as chronic lung disease (previously called bronchopulmonary dysplasia), pulmonary hypertension and in adverse cases respiratory failure and even death. Identifying normal transition and respiratory distress is largely based on evaluating the risk factors for RDS, assessing the severity of symptoms and close neonatal observation if in doubt. Babies that are born close to term or those via caesarean section may display a difficult albeit a normal transition. These babies present with transient tachypnoea of the newborn in the first few hours with respiratory rates of about 100 breaths per minute and increased oxygen requirements. Symptoms are short lived, self limiting in most cases and usually relived by oxygen. Neonates who suffer from RDS will present with worsening symptoms of longer duration, respiratory rates of 120 and increased respiratory effort with a longer requirement for oxygen. Recovery if plausible usually begins after 72 hours and is associated with decreased oxygen requirements and better functional residual capacity. Pathophysiology of Respiratory Distress Syndrome Since its initial recognition, more than 30-40 years ago, much has been elucidated about the pathophysiology of this complex syndrome. In the premature neonate, the structurally immature and surfactant deficient lung is unable to maintain the basic lung mechanics required for adequate ventilation. As aforementioned lung mechanics rely on surfactant production, alveolar multiplication and maturity for effective gas exchange, chest wall elasticity and a functionally developed diaphragm. It is therefore evident that premature neonate who lack surfactant and have structurally immature lungs will develop RDS, atelectasis and abnormal lung function. In these neonates the essential first breaths are followed by a secondary pathological cascade characterised by tissue damage, protein leakage into the alveolar space and inflammation, which may resolve or progress to BDP or chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD)7. In neonates with RDS, end-expiration results in the collapse of alveoli due to surfactant deficiency and a subsequent reduction in the functional residual capacity (FRC). The FRC is the volume available for gaseous exchange i.e the volume of gas left in the lungs after exhalation. It is determined by an intricate balance between the collapsing and expanding forces of the chest wall and lungs7. An ideal FRC enables the best possible lung mechanics, efficient ventilation and gaseous exchange. As the FRC is reduced at end-expiration due to alveolar collapse due to high surface tension, the pressure that will be required to re-inflate the already immature lungs is increased. This in turn increases the respiratory effort needed for adequate gas exchange which presents clinically as increased respiratory rate and subcostal/intercostal recession. Moreover reaching an optimal FRC may be further impeded by both surfactant deficiency and by the preterm infants impaired ability to clear fetal lung fluid. Radiographically a chest x-ray will show the characteristic ground-glass appearance with diminished lung volumes and the cardinal features of respiratory stress, tachypnoea, nasal flaring, intercostals recession, subcostal recession, increased breathing effort and grunting will begin to manifest early on. Despite this effort to breathe, alveolar ventilation remains poor. As these areas are receiving an adequate blood supply this produces a ventilation/perfusion mismatch resulting in right to left intrapulmonary shunting1. The lungs are unable to maintain good gas exchange and blood oxygen saturation and the level of carbon dioxide begins to increase resulting in respiratory acidosis, hypoxaemia and hypercarbia. The neonate further struggles to breath and attempts to generate higher negative pleural pressures to ventilate the lungs. The ensuing acidosis further diminishes surfactant production and neonates deteriorate rapidly as blood oxygen saturations plummet. The natural progression of the disease if left untreated will lead to pulmonary oedema, right-sided heart-failure and ultimately the most devastating outcome, neonatal death. Therefore the management of these neonates requires an aggressive multi-disciplinary team approach based on the pathology of these aforementioned homeostatic mechanisms. Alongside this the basic principles of neonatology; thermoregulation, nutritional support, efficacious cardiovascular support and infection control, are all fundamental in achieving the best therapeutic goal. Ultimately the aim is to provide adequate ventilatory support, allow the lungs to heal, impede further pulmonary injury, correct hypoxaemia and acidosis and above all to keep the neonate alive. Management of RDS As aforementioned the aim of treatment is to promote lung healing and reduce further pulmonary insults. We have already established that with increasing gestational age, particularly post-32 weeks, the infant will require less aid to help it cope with the transition from fetal to neonatal life. However, before 32-weeks there is an increased propensity to develop RDS and as the neonate is unable to cope, some form of respiratory support is required. Over the past 40 years there have been numerous management therapies including ventilatory support, surfactant therapy, nitric oxide therapy and supportive therapeutics strategies amongst others. The mainstay of treatment today remains supportive and involves the use of antenatal steroids, surfactant replacement therapy, continuous positive airway pressure and mechanical ventilation, which all aim to address the pulmonary insufficiency that manifest in these individuals Antenatal Glucocorticoids Glucocorticoid receptors are expressed in the fetal lung at early gestation and as the fetus grows stimulate surfactant production post-32 weeks. Alongside receptor expression there is an increase in fetal cortisol levels at late gestation9, which coincides with lung maturation, type II pneumocyte differentiation, surfactant synthesis as well as alveolar thinning. If birth occurs before this increase in serum cortisol, the pulmonary system has not matured adequately and therefore there is an increased propensity to develop RDS. Thus a single dose of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone or betamethasone in the antenatal period promotes lung maturation. One of the first published reviews that showed the efficacy of antenatal steroids in preterm labour was produced by Crowley in 19958. Crowley showed that steroids given in preterm labour were effective in preventing RDS and improving neonatal mortality rates. Since then several randomised controlled clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of steroids in reducing RDS. A recent Cochrane review of 21 trials assessed the effects of antenatal corticosteroids, given to women expected to go into preterm labour, on fetal/neonatal mortality and morbidity8. The authors concluded that a single dose of antenatal steroids promoted fetal lung maturation thereby reducing the risk of RDS and the need for assisted respiratory management. The mechanisms by which glucocorticoids are thought to exert their efficacy are described below. Firstly, glucocorticoids stimulate phospholipid production. Phospholipids are a major component of endogenous surfactant and as a result augment surfactant synthesis in the biochemically immature and surfactant deficient lung 9, although the exact mechanisms by which this occurs remains to be elucidated. Secondly glucocorticoids enhance lung maturation and development. As aforementioned, in order to produce surfactant, fetal lungs must produce type II pneumocytes which will then generate lamellar bodies in which surfactant is stored. Glucocorticoids enhance this process, promoting pulmonary epithelial cell maturity and differentiation into type II pneumocytes9. Furthermore glucocorticoids cause a decrease in pulmonary interstitial tissue thereby decreasing alveolar wall thickness. A thin alveolar wall thickness facilitates efficacious gaseous exchange and will therefore assist ventilation and oxygenation of the neonate once born thus decreasing the chances of developing RDS. Another known benefit of antenatal glucocorticoids is found in reducing oxidative stress on the immature lung and prevention of pulmonary oedema9. This accumulative evidence suggests that glucocorticoids are essential for normal pulmonary development and giving a single dose to mothers at risk of preterm birth may substantially decrease the chances of the infant developing RDS. Surfactant Therapy As discussed before, endogenous surfactant has a fundamental role in maintaining the alveolar-capillary interface in order to prevent end-expiratory alveolar collapse. This is achieved by thin spread of surfactant around the alveoli which ultimately acts to reduce surface tension. The most important component of surfactant which achieves this fundamental function is a phospholipid called dipalmitoylated phopshatidylcholine (DPPC)11. DPPC also stabilises the alveoli at end expiration, further preventing alveolar collapse. Alongside DPPC the synergistic actions of surfactant proteins (SP) SP-B and SP-C also lower surface tension11. Thus a deficiency in surfactant will cause alveolar collapse, decrease pulmonary compliance, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and produce ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Hence the aim of exogenous surfactant therapy is to reverse this pathological cascade and ultimately prevent alveolar collapse thereby limiting pulmonary damage and improving ventilat ion. Since the first clinical trial assessing the use of surfactant in managing neonatal RDS by Fujiwara in the 1980s10, our understanding of the composition, structure and function of surfactant has progressed vastly. In this uncontrolled trial the chest x-rays of 10 babies diagnosed with RDS, both clinically and radiologically, showed significant improvement after exogenous modified bovine surfactant was administered with a decreased requirement for ventilation. Since then several randomised controlled trials12 have shown that surfactant therapy, alongside antenatal steroids and ventilation continues to improve neonatal morbidity and mortality. Both natural (derived from an animal source) and synthetic (manufactured chemically) surfactants are available to use in managing RDS. Meta-analysis of trials comparing the two types of surfactant have shown that natural surfactants show a more rapid response in improved lung compliance and oxygenation12 thereby reducing neonatal mortality. Furthermore natural surfactants are less sensitive to inhibition by accumulative products of lung injury such as serum proteins. Surfactants need direct delivery to lungs and usually require intubation with short periods of assisted ventilation. Traditionally two therapeutic approaches have been established in managing RDs with surfactant. The first adopts the use of surfactant prophylactically, with surfactant given immediately after birth to enable the neonate to cope with extra-uterine life. The obvious benefit of this approach is that surfactant is administered to the baby before severe RDS develops resulting in long-term pulmonary sequelae for the neonate. However this technique is invasive, as surfactant administration requires endotracheal intubation, it is expensive and furthermore it may result in the unnecessary treatment of neonates. Moreover poor intubation with failed attempts and prolonged apnoeic episodes may further damage the lungs resulting in CLD. Despite this, there is a strong body of evidence for prophylactic use of surfactant and current guidelines state that all preterm babies born befo re 27 weeks of gestation, who have not been given antenatal steroids should be intubated and given surfactant at birth7. The second therapeutic approach evaluates the role of surfactant in rescue treatment used in neonates with an established diagnosis of RDS requiring ventilation and oxygen. The advantages of rescue treatment include that it is reserved for neonates in whom RDS is confirmed and it may decrease the morbidity associated with unnecessary intubation. The obvious disadvantage is that delay in surfactant delivery may allow for irreversible lung injury to develop with decreased efficacy of surfactant administration12. Several studies have aimed to clarify the issue between prophylactic and rescue surfactant treatment. A randomised trial by Rojas et al. showed the benefits of surfactant delivery within 1h of birth in neonates born between 27-31 weeks14 with an established diagnosis of RDS who were treated with continuous positive airway pressure soon after birth. 279 infants were randomly assigned either to the treatment group (intubation, very early surfactant, extubation, and nasal continuous positive airway pressure) or the control group (nasal continuous airway pressure alone). The results of this study demonstrated that infants in the treatment group i.e. those treated with surfactant, showed a decreased need for mechanical ventilation with a decrease in the incidence of CLD and pneumothoraces. Neonatal mortality rates were similar between both groups. A meta-analysis by Soll and Morley compared the effects of prophylactic surfactant to surfactant treatment of established respiratory distress syndrome (i.e. rescue treatment) in preterm infants33. The authors analysed eight studies comparing the use of prophylactic and rescue surfactant treatment and concluded that the majority of the evidence demonstrated a decrease in the incidence of RDS when surfactant was given prophylactically. Moreover the meta-analysis showed that infants treated with prophylactic surfactant had a better clinical outcome with a reported decrease in the risk of pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, CLD and mortality33. As a result of such studies most neonatal units continue to practice delivery of surfactant prophylactically in preterm babies at high risk of RDS. However, some literature still debates whether there are any real advantages of prophylactic surfactant over rescue treatment. What is evident is that surfactant therapy should play a fundamental role in the management of RDS. Future trials will need to further assess the indications for surfactant therapy in treating neonatal RDS and perhaps in the management of other pulmonary insufficiency disorders that affect the neonate. Although much remains to be elucidated about the complex pulmonary surfactant system, since its introduction 25 years ago, surfactant therapy has been at the forefront of reducing RDS and its role in decreasing neonatal mortality and morbidity cannot be disputed. Mechanical ventilation Mechanical ventilations is one of the cornerstones of neonatal intensive care units and regardless of the modality used, the primary function is to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation. The goals of mechanical ventilation are: to establish efficacious gaseous exchange to limit pulmonary insult and CLD to reduce the respiratory effort and work of breathing of the patient To achieve these basic goals several techniques, devices and therapeutic options are available to the neonatologist that can be either invasive or non-invasive. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure The use of CPAP; continuous positive airway pressure, in the treatment of RDS was first described in the 1970s and has since been identified as a important management strategy. CPAP applies positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) to the alveoli throughout inspiration and expiration so that the alveoli remain inflated thereby preventing collapse. The pressure required to re-inflate the lungs is reduced as partially inflated alveoli are easily to inflate than completely collapsed ones. Animal studies with premature lambs have shown the benefits of nasal CPAP over mechanical ventilation. CPAP acts to lower the markers for CLD for example granulocytes, and markers of white cell activation, increases the amount of surfactant available, improves oxygenation and lastly corrects ventilation/perfusion mismatching2, 15. Moreover CPAP produces a more regulated pattern of breathing in neonates by stabilising the chest wall and reducing thoracic distortion16. Like surfactant therapy there are two ways in which CPAP can be administered. The first method, InSUrE: intubation, surfactant and extubation, adopts a brief intubation to administer surfactant and extubation to CPAP approach and the second is the Columbia method in which babies are started on CPAP in the delivery room and are only mechanically ventilated, and intubated if the need for surfactant is established. Several studies have shown the benefit of the first approach. A study by Verder et al. randomised 68 neonates with moderate to severe RDS; 35 infants were randomised to surfactant therapy following a short period of intubation and then extubation to CPAP and 33 neonates were randomised to nasal CPAP alone. The results of this study showed that infants in the earlier group had a reduced need for ventilation; 21% in comparison to 63% in the second group16,17. Another similar trial by Haberman et al. assessed the use of surfactant with early extuabtion to CPAP and subsequently the results showed a decreased need and duration for mechanical ventilation12. Furthermore a recent Cochrane review of six studies using the InSuRE method showed that neonates with RDS treated with early surfactant therapy followed by nasal CPAP, were less likely to need mechanical ventilation and develop air leaks in comparison to neonates that were treated with the Columbia approach (i.e. early CPAP therapy foll owed by surfactant if needed)17, 18. A more recent review by the same authors further confirmed the findings of the initial review and the relative risk for developing CLD was 0.51 (95% CI 0.26-0.99) with early surfactant treatment and nasal CPAP when comparing the two methods18. The Columbia method requires the stabilisation of neonates with CPAP in the delivery room with intubation and surfactant therapy used as necessitated. This approach was adopted when retrospectives studies done by Avery et al. and later Van Marter et al. evaluated the clinical outcomes in multiple neonatal units across the US2. In both cases a lower incidence of CLD was observed in the Columbia University Hospital which adopted CPAP as a primary treatment strategy as opposed to intubation and mechanical ventilation like other units. Leading on from this Ammari et al.. evaluated the Columbia method recently. The outcomes of 261 neonates with birth weight So far the evidence base for the Columbia method has been derived from retrospective cohort studies with a lacking in RCTS and therefore a lack of stronger evidence. One RCT that had aimed to evaluate the Columbia method was the recent COIN trial by Morley. This study evaluated whether the incidence of death or BPD would be reduced by CPAP rather than intubation and ventilation shortly after birth13. 610 neonates born between 25-28 weeks were randomised to CPAP or intubation and ventilation at 5minutes after birth and surfactant was administered at the neonatologists discretion. The results of the study demonstrated that at 28 days of gestation, infants in the CPAP group had a decreased need for supplemental oxygen and fewer deaths2,13. However worrying results from this study were that approximately 46% of babies in the CPAP group went onto require intubation and had a higher rate of pneumothoraces13. There are few randomised control trials assessing the benefit of CPAP alone in managing RDS and the results of the Columbia Hospital study have been irreproducible in other centres. The mainstream use of CPAP for managing RDS remains to start CPAP in the delivery room, after intubation for surfactant treatment. There is not enough evidence to show that CPAP alone can prevent RDS and associated complications in comparison with invasive ventilation. The evidence does suggest that there is a decrease in complications with surfactant therapy and CPAP but the relationship with CLD is less transparent. At present there are two RCTs ongoing that may provide further insight into the role of CPAP in RDS when complete. The first trial is the SUPPORT study, which is randomising infants between 24-27 weeks to CPAP beginning in the delivery room with stringent criteria for subsequent intubation, or intubation with surfactant treatment within 1 h of birth with continuing mechanical ventilation2. The second is the trial by the Vermont-Oxford Network in which infants born at 26-29 weeks gestation will be randomised after 6 days into one of three groups; (1) intubation, early prophylactic surfactant, and subsequent stabilisation on mechanical ventilation; (2) intubation, early prophylactic surfactant, and rapid extubation to CPAP; and lastly (3) early stabilisation with nasal CPAP, with selective intubation and surfactant administration according to clinical guidelines2. The immediate management of the RDS neonate with CPAP remains controversial and maybe the results of these ongoing RCTS wil l provide invaluable answers to the many uncertainties surrounding this device. Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation Another relatively recent development in non-invasive ventilation that has evolved from NICU ventilator machines and CPAP devices is the use of NIPPV for managing RDS. Sometimes called BiPAP (for bi-level positive airway pressure), this form of non-invasive ventilation is able to provide two levels of airway pressure, without the need for intubation. BiPAP maintains positive pressure throughout respiration but with a slightly higher pressure during inspiration. By doing so BiPAP/NIPPV is able to assist neonatal breathing by: reducing the work of breathing improving tidal volume increasing blood oxygen saturation and increasing removal of CO2 thereby limiting hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis. As the neonate inhales, the NIPPV device generates a positive pressure thereby assisting the neonates spontaneous breath and providing ventilatory support. This is at a slightly higher positive pressure. As the neonate begins to exhale, the pressure drops, but a positive airway pressure remains in the lungs to prevent alveolar collapse and thus increase gaseous exchange. NIPPV may be a potential beneficial treatment for the management of babies with RDS and has been used in NICUs since the 1980s. Recently multiple studies have aimed to evaluate the efficacy of NIPPV in stabilising neonates. A randomised controlled prospective study by Kulgeman et al.. found that NIPPV was more successful than NCPAP in the initial treatment of RDs in preterm infants19. Kulgeman and his colleagues randomised infants A further study by Sai and colleagues also established the advantages of NIPPV over CPAP in managing RDs and reducing the need for mechanical ventilation and intubation in preterm infants. In their study 76 neonates between 28-34 weeks gestation with RDs at 6h of birth were randomised either to early NIPPV (37 neonates) or early CPAP (39 neonates) after surfactant use20. Firstly they documented that the failure rate with NIPPV was less in comparison to the CPAP group (p

Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, written in the 1600’s is a perfect example of Shakespeare’s ability to manipulate his audience through creating a tragic hero. A tragic hero who, because of a flaw, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless murderer. It is through Shakespeare’s manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and social expectations of the seventeenth century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeth’s persona of the tragic hero is enhanced even more when the characters around him influence his decisions, creating mayhem inside his mind and disorder throughout Scotland. Shakespeare positions his audience to respond to the central theme: the struggle between good and evil, by illustrating to the audience his weaknesses, which through the guidance of the supernatural, leads to murder and mayhem and eventually madness. It is this influence of the supernatural that leads to Macbeth’s t ragic persona and in turn his physical and mental destruction. Shakespeare utilises these techniques to embody in Macbeth characteristics indicative of that of a seventeenth century tragic hero. Aristotle described the Greek image of the tragic hero as one who takes: part in a fictional account of a set of events that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude.† (The Poetics) Macbeth conforms to the image of the tragic hero by possessing a flaw and dying because if it. His flaw of being led too easily is evident through the actions of characters who influence Macbeth. Macbeth is involved in a story intertwined with evil, disorder, conflict and failure; all resulting finally in his death. Part of being a tragic hero is possessing a flaw. A flaw which will inevitably lead to self-destruction; the fall of the tragic hero. In the play, the central protagonist Macbeth, is confronted with the supernatural and the prophesy of becoming king. He cannot help but want this position, as this flaw also includes his weakness through over ambition. It is generally said that those possessing a flaw will die. The first Thane of Cawdor was a traitor, Duncan was too trusting, Banquo did not act on the knowledge he had about Macbeth’s murders, Lady Macbeth helped plot the murder of Duncan, and Macbeth destroyed the natural order and harmony of the time. All of these d eaths are a result of Macbeth’s over ambition to become king, fuelled by the prophecies of the evil witches. Like Macbeth, a tragic hero has choices, a conscience of right from wrong and in the end must die, because to live would create mayhem and a feeling that his actions were justified.

Internet Taxation Essay -- Internet Tax Taxing Essays

Internet Taxation The passage of the Internet Tax Freedom Act, on October 21, 1998 there has been an intense debate on whether to tax or not to tax Internet purchases. The conservative side is opposed to Internet taxation saying that it is too costly to collect tax on Internet purchases. They also believe that since Internet retailers do not have any of their operations in all the states, not every state should receive the sales tax made on the purchase. On the other hand, the liberal believe that taxation of the Internet should be lawful because states are losing valuable tax bases to Internet purchases. They believe that at current rates of online shopping, states are losing millions of dollars annually that are used for public roads, police protection, and education. Both sides of the Internet taxation argument use logos and ethos appeals. Logos appeals are the main form of argument for both sides. Plenty of examples and statistics are used to support the logos argument. Ethos appeals are not as prevalent as logos, but are enter strung throughout the articles to support both sides. Pathos appeals are almost non-existent in any articles found, so they are not a main contributing factor in the overall argument on Internet taxation. In the Issues & Controversies section of Clemson Universities Expanded Academic Search the article, â€Å"Internet Taxation,† both the pros and cons concerning Internet taxation are mentioned to establish both views concerning the issue facing the United States people. The conservative or con side on taxes mainly uses logos argument to make their point. Supports of the tax free Internet say that because of the way transactions are carried out on the web, electronic sales are vulnerabl... ...o adopt a unified sales tax for Internet purchases. They are a liberal group for Internet taxation, which recently got shot down with the onset of the extended Internet Tax Freedom Act. The coalition is not currently trying to persuade e-tailers to join their position on Internet taxation. Big names such as Amazon.com have not joined the talks for good reason. Online retailers do not want states to adopt a plan to implement taxes online since it would threaten the tax-free shopping advantage that these online retailers enjoy. Even with the onset of new rulings for a tax-free Internet there has not been a complete loss for the coalitions efforts. In a 1992 Supreme Court ruling states that e-tailers must collect sales tax in the states in which they have a physical presence. All in all efforts for both sides have resulted in a partial tax and tax-free Internet.

The overview of Last In/First Out and First In/Last Ou

The overview of Last In/First Out and First In/Last Out is now completed for the date and time of your choice to discuss the company matters. The information from last month is was completed at the end of the month and the present is kept current on a daily base as management needs to be up to date of the inventory and financial levels of the company. Reducing federal and state income corporate taxes are important as this may allow the company to see a decrease in expenses over the time. Looking at the expenses of the company and viewing the incomes of the employees will allow the company to make the decision as to Last In/First Out or First In/Last Out to save the company finances. Although looking at the inventory will allow the management to view the Last In/First Out and First In/Last Out as to the timing of the inventory growth. Using First In/Last Out will allow the company to still grow as the inventory increases and the company will still profit. Using Last In/First Out will allow the company to be at a stand point and no increases are made. Understanding the decision that is made must be final, this information will be viewed and continued to be up to date for any financial issues that may arise before and after the meeting and decisions are made. By looking at the short and long term on Cost of Goods Sold this will allow you to make the judgment of the Last In/First Out and First In/Last Out and it shows the profit for the company in the past and allow you to predict the future. Good luck with your decision and I stand by you on the choice that is made.

Cultural Oppression Essay

Both African Americans and Asian Americans have suffered racial discrimination, slavery, persecution, difficulty in receiving citizenship even though their children were born in the United States and challenges in demonstrating their cultural identity. They experienced difficulty in classifying themselves as purely American because of their outward appearance. Moreover, they always tend to feel insulted that white Americans will always judge them by stereotypes, not by what they really are. African Americans have suffered dual consciousness in the United States, always struggling to receive social and economic equality, both as a Negro and an American. Although political equality has been granted to African Americans, they still suffered inequality in terms of achieving social and economic wealth. The effects of cultural oppression on African Americans have put them at high probability of suffering continued hindrances to achieve societal empowerment and affirmation. However, the richness of African cultures that place importance on collective lifestyle has helped African Americans to be accepted in the United States. Asian Americans were pressured to learn how they could assimilate themselves into different cultural society in the country. The cultural oppression suffered by Asian Americans has helped them to establish their own community in order for them to become self-sufficient. The impact of the Eastern philosophies, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, on Asian culture has helped families to become paternally oriented and hierarchical. The notable reason why some Asians have the tendency to avoid debate and discussion or to appear indecisive is because of these philosophies that teach them principles of harmony, balance and peace. This Asian culture has provided them to act in a positive way and to learn the importance of having self-knowledge about how others behave towards them. Reference Information on Specific Cultural Groups. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http://education. byu. edu/diversity/culture. html.

How Far The Australia’s Legal, Political And Educational Structures Are Modeled On British Institutions Essay

Australia was colonized by British and was granted independence in 1901. The six colonies which had been formerly inhabited by the British during colonization became the six states in the federal government that Australia assumed. Most of the legal, political and education systems borrowed a lot from British institutions, although Australia preferred to borrow the federal system from America (State University, 2009).   Some of the powers that had been held by the states were volunteered progressively and when the twentieth century came to close, the federal government was responsible in running Australia. How Far the Australia’s Legal, Political and Educational Structures Are Modeled On British Institution The major institutes in Australia such as bureaucracy, education and the language that is commonly used there have a British line modeling. Some of The universities that were in Australia in the 1920s boasted of being as old as three- quarter century. It was quite evident that there was no one teaching economics until 1913. The professor who was teaching history or philosophy gave a single or double lecture on the theory of economics in a week. Due to the extensive work load, economics experienced a lot of negligence something that profoundly shocked the Americans (Heaton, 2008). Most universities in Australia had borrowed a lot of British ideas in their modeling and with special preference of Cambridge and Oxford which concentrated in technical training, back in 1920s. Economic science had minimal teaching in Britain until recently and Australia gave little attention as it held the British system highly. Mathematics, philosophy, classics and literature that were commonly offered in most universities in Britain were accorded a lot of respect by the Australians who also offered them in their universities. There was a lot of attention in offering of law, medicine and engineering which were traditional courses offered in universities of Britain. The state established most universities in Australia, and the largest proportion of revenue was drawn from public coffers and this takes place up to date (Heaton, 2008). Most endowments that were private contributed minimally to the development of universities in Australia unlike in America. These private endowments invested half the revenue that the government invested in public institutions. Money from the public was unconditionally granted by the government which made no attempt to seriously control policies and teaching. The universities were dependent on the state, similar to universities in Britain. The first universities in Australia were established with the aim of meeting the standards that stressed their capability of meeting the values and norms of the models of British universities which were considered to be the most appropriate (University of Western Australia, 2003. These models that were adopted have made it impossible for newer universities to adopt any other system as a powerful effect has been exerted by the already existing universities. The government draws a lot of security from scientific interests than culture and education is seen more of an instrument than experience (State University 2009). The community also perceives the university to be a place where it is served through the training of lawyers, engineers, dentists, teachers and doctors and thus these traditional courses continue holding a lot of attention. Specialization is very common in most of the Australian universities and once a student goes to a specific department, they will be ignorant on other departments. This has resulted to the graduates being more professionalized than educated. This phenomenon is common in most prestigious universities in Britain. America has the most diversified university programs and there is a call for conformity of Australian universities by the people. Australian law is comprised of the common law, (which derives its basis from the common law of Britain), the constitution and federal laws passed by parliament. The states within Australia exercise their own governing over the court systems and parliaments which are present in each. The systems of government and law that are currently existent in Australia have their legal dependence and validity on the British statutes (University of Western Australia, 2003)    One such statute is the Act of 1900 known as Commonwealth of Constitution of Australia. The characters of legal institutions and Austrian law traditions have a monoculture characteristic. This reflects an origin which is English in nature. The Aborigines who were the natives of Australia were completely ignored by the British as they were too native and the Britons completely disregarded any laws that were in place, but instead subjected them to the England laws (Aroney 2007, p. 8). Recently, Howard made the same maneuver in 2007, by initiating an intervention of communities of the Aborigines who live in the territory that lies in the North of Australia. The forces of the military were mobilized and the government granted them power to directly exercise control over the communities which were targeted. This was to last for five years and this move is no different from what the British did when they first arrived in Australia.   The constitution protects Howard’s maneuvers as the state government can override the government authority in the Northern territory (Stringer 2007, p. 30). This law is still present in the constitution which gives the government the power to constitutionally usurp territorial governments’ sovereignty.   Howard is doing what the British did to the native aborigines since this intervention has been viewed as contravening the human rights due to its discriminatory nature. Howard claims that he is saving the aboriginal children from being sexually abused by the whites in Australia (Stringer 2007,   32). It is evident that the constitution of Australia is still embedded on the Common Wealth Constitution by the British and nothing has been done to include the native Aborigines in the constitution.   Ã‚  The system of court that is present has still borrowed a lot of modeling from the English system (Goldring, 2003).     Ã‚  The high court is the final appeal court and also deals with constitution matters. The basis of the constitution of Australia is the commonwealth constitution that was enacted in 1900 and this statute was used until 1942. The independence of the legislature was enacted in 1986 in Australia. This was a symbol of its freedom from Britain. Until 1990, Australia held the status of constitutional monarchy something it had inherited from Britain. Although there are supreme courts in all states, the high court was established to ensure the uniformity of the common law. The common law is inherent of the common law in Britain (Edwiyna 2008, p. 230). The premier in the UK is an enviable character who enjoys a lot of executive powers that the presidents of America have no access to. This power is similar to what the premier in Australia enjoys a clear picture that Australia adopted the same political arrangement as Britain which had formerly colonized it (Bennister 2007, p. 335). Both the premiership in Australia exhibit a lot of similarities as the there is a lot of capacity and influence from the premier. There are a lot of constraints in the institutional that are discrete, but the capacity of resources is easy to identify. Both of these premiers are stretching the institution through growth in the office of the leaders, policy advice which is bold and centralized and the ministerial adviser’s functions and roles have been strengthened. These new structures, practices and process are entrenched in the political systems of both the premiers and this is attributed to the practice of their executive powers (Bennister 2007, p. 330). Australia adopted the office of the premier with executive powers like Britain who can make decisions that are hardly challenged. Conclusion Australia, which was a British colony, has borrowed so much from Britain in terms of education, legal and political system. Most of its oldest universities were modeled from the famous British universities such as Cambridge and Oxford. There was a perception that the technical courses offered in these reputable institutions should be taken as the guidelines in the universities in Australia. This has made most private investors to shy away from establishing more universities and by 2007; there were only two private universities out of the 39 that were present in the country.   There has been an outcry for the education system to be diversified to conform to that of American universities that are seen as more appropriate. The constitution that borrowed a lot from the Commonwealth Act needs some of the statutes to be reviewed to conform to the modern times. The Act that gives the government permission to usurp Northern territories sovereignty sounds so colonist and it should be reviewed to protect the Aboriginal communities. It is the high time that Australia reviewed its own constitution to include everyone and get rid of some of the statutes that were present during colonialism. From this review, it is clear that most Australian systems are modeled on British institutions. Bibliography: Aroney, N 2007, Comparative law in Australian constitutional jurisprudence: University of Queensland law journal, University of Queensland, Vol. 26(2) pp 8 Bennister, M 2007, Tony Blair and John Howard: Comparative Predominance and ‘Institution Stretch’ in the UK and Australia, British journal of politics and international relations, Vol. 9 (3) pp 327-345 Edwiyna, H 2008, Colonialism and Long-Run Growth in Australia: An Examination of Institutional Change in Victoria’s Water Sector During the Nineteenth Century,   Blackwell publishing ltd Vol. 48 (3) pp 266-279 Goldring, J 2003, The Australian court system and its oral tradition, Retrieved April 25, 2009 from http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:inbECLUBLQ4J:web.bham.ac.uk/forensic/IAFL03/goldring.doc+How+far+were+Australia%E2%80%99s+legal,+political+