Is Jealousy Ever a Good Thing Essay Example for Free

Is Jealousy Ever a Good Thing Essay Envy has consistently been one of the meanest nature of humankind. What is more regrettable is that, it is practically inescapable. Somehow, desire enters our lives, normally and now and then unknowingly, making languishing over ourselves as well as other people. As occasions from history and day by day life have appeared, human’s inability to avoid this intuition has prompted demolished connections, languishing over everybody included, and even dampening. Let’s take Cesare Borgia for instance of how perilous envy is to human. As the most established child of the ground-breaking Pope Alexander VI of Vatican, Cesare is said to have everything, from riches to land and influence. Contrasted with his sibling Giovanni, in any case, Cesare himself felt sub-par. He was tired of seeing Giovanni detracting from him delightful ladies and more friendship from the Pope, just as losing increasingly significant military obligations and national respect in to his sibling. In circumstances like this, it is human instinct to feel desirous, however Cesare’s extraordinary jealousy drove him to murder his sibling. Presently having increased outright force, ironicly Cesare was as yet troubled. His dad was vexed to the point that he detained himself in a castle for quite a while, and Cesare was disdained by Giovanni’s spouse and numerous relatives. From the story, it is alarming how desire can cause individuals to do insane things and transform fellowship into competition, corrupting virtues and making anguish eve rybody. Day by day life ends up being a tremendous wellspring of confirmations for the negative impacts of desire. I feel dismal to see the path a portion of my companions at school treat each other like adversaries. On account of extreme intensity in scholastics, the area of certain colleagues ridiculing someone else’s second rate isn't extraordinary. I am dumbfounded at the manner in which numerous understudies turn so detached at whatever point I approach them for help with my schoolwork, and the manner in which they wish each other to bomb tests so they can move to the highest point of the class. Individuals may contend that being envious of others’ achievement gives them additional assurance. They should have not understood that companionship is a higher priority than shallow accomplishments. By being envious, they really build up a narrow minded mentality, and penance what may have become their deep rooted kinships. Among the numerous approaches to accomplish our objectives, being envious is completely the most noticeably awful one, for proofs from both history and day by day life have demonstrated that it can annihilate companionships and makes contention. Except if individuals can keep away from it and take others’ accomplishment as a model and inspiration for themselves to gain ground, they will never have what they need.

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay Web control has become a hotly debated issue to talk about at different levels in the legislature just as inside private substances and people. This is the assuming responsibility for what can be gotten to saw or distributed through the net (Zuchora, 5). It has been contended concerning who ought to be ordered with the obligation of web control. This might be endorsed by the legislature or private associations. There might be additionally self control by people and private associations for their own bit of leeway, for example, ethics, strict and business reasons. Anyway much has been said that the legislature should assume responsibility for the data sent and got through the web. A portion of the thought processes why the administration is set up to take control are to fit in with society standards, control terrorizing among individuals and furthermore spread of dread among individuals in any nation (Zuchora, 5). As indicated by Obama, the US president he stated, we will advance new and better devices of correspondence so as individuals can be enabled and be allowed to interface with others in the general public and therefore with security. The administration is going to help a free and furthermore open web so individuals have required data to help them in deciding. It is likewise an ideal opportunity to grasp the intensity of web and its effect on our locale. Web has been referred to improve people groups correspondence just as decrease the separation boundary among two imparting individuals. It has been known to affect each part of our lives from the manner in which we are instructed in school to the manner in which we get news and even how we discover and look after companions. Web has prompted the innovation of web based framework. The web based frameworks are actually utilized in many organizations now. They have improved productivity and adequacy particularly in the conveyance of merchandise and enterprises (Bidgoli, 25). Web additionally improved the capacity of information, we no longer need to utilize records as a method of putting away information. This decreased the manual documenting frameworks which was moderate and uncertain. This eventually diminished the administration time particularly in medical clinics, banks and all assistance enterprises. After some time, there have been contrasting conclusions on the subject web oversight. Contentions have been made both for and against the requirement for the legislature to blue pencil the data coursing through the web. The level of restriction fluctuates from one nation to the next. Some may have exceptionally exacting web control, for example, the Arabic nations for example Iran. Then again, different nations may have incredibly little web restriction, for example, USA. In any case, the administration ought not confine the degree and extent of access to the web in any nation. This is on the grounds that through the web individuals have been profiting by it, for example, getting news, publicizing if there should be an occurrence of organizations. There are various advantages related with the utilization of web in the network. This clarifies why I am against the issue of government controlling the web (Zuchora, 7). A decent outline is the situation of Iran, there was an arrangement by the Iranian to switch the web in the district into a household organize that should improve security. The authorities in control contended about improving purposeful digital assaults, yet the Iranians accepting it as an activity to channel data on the web. One of the principle hindrances experienced in the network when government edits the web is the disavowal of the ability to speak freely to the individuals. Web use has expanded in the course of the most recent decade. The web is accepted to contain a wide range of data one may require. Dread of disarray ought not be utilized as the bases to deny individuals (web clients) the option to communicate and their inclination. Thus it ought not be utilized for unjustifiable control of the discourse. The supporters of restriction contend that they are shielding the general public from misuse, for example, sexual materials and abhor being spread over the web. Be that as it may, there have been no very much laid bases to figure out what is terrible to the individuals. Individuals ought to be permitted to communicate their perspectives on any theme in the network. Through the web, business substances have had the option to showcase their items both locally and universally. Besides, because of t he changing reality where by, news is being communicated through the web for snappy access by the individuals, control may prevent the privilege from securing individuals to know and add to the national issues (Marsden, 164). The web clients ought to be left with agree to finish up what is good and bad for them. With Internet oversight, the right to speak freely of discourse through the web keeps on being undermined. The legislature in this way has no order or option to blue pencil discourse on the web as it can't drive the grown-ups to hear what is useful for youngsters. Opportunity of articulation is an imperative part in any effective network. Web has given one of the best and noticeable ways that the conventional individuals make their feelings heard. For instance, when the US government was arranging about Iraq war, the bloggers scrutinized the activity and not the famous media. This gave possibility for hostile to war rivals to sort out. In the event that the administration was to control the web, the American individuals for instance would lose a significant cost to practice their opportunity of articulation (Bidgoli, 264). Notwithstanding the right to speak freely of discourse, web duty ought to be left on the hands of the parent. One of the primary arguments is how much the youngsters should get to thought the web. Nonetheless, government oversight would upset the entrance of data to the grown-up. The guardians ought to be the one in charge of what the childrens get to or send through the web. This would help control what the children can get to. Control of web use by the children ought to be left inside the guardians hands just as school organization. The two individuals are the ones who are immediate contact with the youngsters, and it will be a lot of viable for them to control what children gets to on the web. It will be a lot of compelling for guardians to be answerable for the web among their kids than the administration taking control (Caso, 46). At last, control of web use denies protection to the residents. Through the restriction, government may utilize the web to deny security. New innovation instruments are grown once in a while and might be utilized by the administration to deny human right just as deny people groups security. With regards to observing the data sent and got the legislature meddles with people groups security and may wind up defrauding. Individuals ought to be permitted to have their protection to get to what they need through the web. Through the observation of the web, the development undermines free progression of data and subsequently abusing people groups security. In any case, regardless of the option to get to data to the individuals, control is additionally expected to decrease the pace of good corruption of the kids. Most definitely, they probably won't have the option to screen their youngsters constantly; subsequently they get to wrong data from the web. Then again, web can be utilized to fuel crashes between networks or nations subsequently it ought to be checked to what degree peoples utilize the web. A ton of noxious activities should be possible through the net and in spite of the opportunity to data control is required for an inappropriate goals of individuals. End From the above talked about focuses on the web utilization among individuals, obviously the legislature should stop controlling what is sent and gotten by individuals through the web. This is on the grounds that the web including other correspondence innovations has framed exceptional ways and chances to share data between individuals. The web has likewise been of incredible advantage through the opening of ways for master vote based system gatherings, columnist and people in all pieces of the world whereby they have had the option to consider government responsible for their activities. While it is genuine a few people abuse the web by perpetrating wrongdoings, it ought not be taken as the motivation to control the whole medium. The previously existing laws are satisfactory to safeguard peace in the networks. Much has been talked about the point, and it leaves to the choice of the web clients to contend possibly in support of the subject. Anyway I stand up that the administration ought not be associated with controlling the web.

Article Review Example

Article Review Example Article Review †Article Example Wagering on the blind spot In the article, Michael Lewis discusses a more youthful speculator, Michael Burry on account of his visual deficiency, saw the world in an alternate way. In 2004, Michael Burry chose to put resources into enormous air pocket and subprime contract security advertise when the market took steps to fall. The speculative stock investments and securities exchange administrator didn't uncover to anybody why he chose to put resources into security showcases yet rather sat in his office and read article and monetary filings. His fundamental interest was to make sense of how the subprime contract securities capacities. Financial specialists from the highest floor got low appraisals than those from base floor since they were taking on more dangers. Speculators who looked to buy contract bonds needed to choose which floor of the pinnacle they needed to contribute. Be that as it may, Burry then again was not in the wake of purchasing contract bonds but instead searched out how he could wager against subprime contract bonds. Utilizing data from the accessible plan, each home loan bond had its own little company. In any case, in spite of this, Burry regardless of quite a bit of his time looking over these outlines with the expectation that he could get what he expected to comprehend about subprime contract bond. In 2004, there was decrease in the loaning principles. Burry didn't see these measures as decay yet for him they had quite recently arrived in a desperate predicament. As per Lewis, the base was alluded to as the premium just negative amortizing rate subprime contract whereby the home buyer were offered a chance of paying nothing and was permitted to roll whatever premium you owed the bank into a high equalization. Burry was astonished why such a person who loaned cash would want to expand such an advance. The issue that Burry had was the different tranches of subprime contract bonds in which these bonds were difficult to offer short since t o undercut a stock, you expected to obtain it, which were difficult to track down. A speculator would purchase or not get them however couldn't wager unequivocally against them in light of the fact that the subprime contract advertise had place for financial specialists who took a shallow perspective on them. This depends on the possibility that the whole subprime contract showcase was bound and nothing should be possible to protect it. The securities exchange could build any longer than Burry could stay dissolvable. Burry additionally found credit default trade in which started to buy protection on organizations he thought would experience the ill effects of land downtown since, for example, emergency would drive these organizations to lose cash. Burry understood that the credit default trades on subprime contract securities were noteworthy in subprime contract showcase in that they were utilized for supporting. In total, Burry realized that so as to make side wagers on subprime co ntract bonds, credit default trade was required. Work CitedLewis, Michael. Wagering on The Blind Side. Vanity Fair, 2010. Print.

Final Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Last Project - Case Study Example This is expressed in her IEP, and is absolutely the longing of her folks. Normally, Emily will profit by this just as she can have typical associations with her friends and not be dependent upon consistent ‘extra classes’ that pull her away from important class time. There are different assistive innovation gadgets that should help Emily. The main part that ought to give required sight help is a screen amplification framework. Such a gadget will amplify data introduced in class up to multiple times. At five years of age, Emily will gain proficiency with a lot about numbers and letters. She will likewise start to compose. This expects her to have the option to enough observe what the instructor is doing, so she can display after that. Screen amplification programming doesn't need to occupy a lot of space and can be utilized at Emily’s work area. Another gadget that could be very helpful to Emily is a video magnifier. In the youth study hall, there will be numerous cutting edge mechanical apparatuses utilized to aid the educating of perusing and composing. A video magnifier will use shut circuit television innovation to make composed content and little items simpler for her to see. As the educator composes numbers and letters on the white board, it very well may be amplified on CCTV for Emily to effortlessly observe while sitting at her work area. At last, a computerized book peruser can be used to play back stories or different exercises. Particularly as Emily progress through school, she will most likely be unable to peruse as fast as her schoolmates. A computerized book peruser can assist her with accepting additional time outside of class to make up for lost time as the peruser will give sound forms of printed content. It is significant that every one of the assistive innovation gadgets be executed in a non-intrusive way that doesn't cause undue to notice Emily. This will empower her to have a moderately ordinary study hall presence and sh e would then be able to fit in with her companions more firmly. With appropriate consideration and the execution of a couple non-customary instructional systems, Emily should keep on flourishing scholastically and have the option to beat her handicap. Contextual investigation #2 David shows all signs of being a brilliant little youngster with a particular high-frequency incapacity. While his verbal abilities seem, by all accounts, to be incredible for the third grade, he is as of now showing extraordinary trouble in the regions of perusing and composing. At this age, David is likely not keen on bombing before his companions, so he seems reluctant to give any extraordinary exertion. While it isn't shown in this specific contextual investigation, an IEP is likely being built up that centers around devices in these zones to assist David with getting back up to review level in these basic territories. David could profit by an assistive innovation gadget that will assist him with improvi ng upon his beneath grade level understanding abilities. One such gadget is to use books and different distributions that are in sound structure. This can come as, most generally, CDs and MP3 Downloads. David can start to tune in to specific messages that are being utilized in his homeroom. In this manner, he can start to hear how words are articulated and ideally, after some time, start to enhance his cognizance aptitudes. There are numerous book recording perusers available. Also, there are membership benefits that the school can be an individual from that makes sound forms of writings accessible for

Troilus and Criseyde

Tiana Connell #8659 Mr. Forces AP Lang &Comp, Period 1 21 October 2011 Love’s Spell In the novel Troilus and Criseyde, by Geoffrey Chaucer, we witness the correlation of two people experiencing passionate feelings for one another. Troilus and Criseyde experience love in various manners; either by Cupid’s bolt or through the controls of family members they are compelled to seek after one another under love’s spell. Through their story, the perusers get familiar with the important exercise of love’s rage. Before all else verses, we discovered that Troilus was a solid and splendid knight of Troy. Troilus, who once kidded about the individuals who began to look all starry eyed at, turned into a casualty to adore himself. Cupid shot Troilus making him begin to look all starry eyed at Criseyde, the principal young lady he saw. â€Å"So was it with this pleased and searing knight, child of a well known lord however he may be; he had assumed that nothing had the might to control his heart against a will as free as his; yet, at a look, promptly, he was ablaze, and he, in pride over all others, out of nowhere was slave to love†(Book I, 33). Through Cupid’s spell on Troilus, he encountered the sentiment of having adored and the torment and distress it brought. He became sickened by adoration and his whole persona endured in demolition. Chaucer says, â€Å"And from that point on adoration denied him of his profound and made an adversary of his nourishment; his distress expanded and increased, he was unable to keep his face and shading, eve or morrow, had anybody seen it; he tried to obtain the names of different sicknesses, to cover his hot fire, in case it demonstrated him as a lover† (Book I, 70). Pandarus, Troilus’s individual companion and uncle of his darling Criseyde, saw Troilus’s adjusts in temperament and found his adoration for Criseyde. Pandarus, thrilled by the news, chose to make a move by acquainting them with each other and to the start of a tragic experience. Rather than being hit by Cupid’s bolt, Criseyde was empowered by her uncle, Pandarus, to give Troilus’s love an opportunity. He faced Criseyde and scrutinized her assessment of Troilus, in would like to convince her into a relationship with him. Be that as it may, when Pandarus educated Criseyde of Troilus’s love for her, she got annoyed with the impropriety of the subject. â€Å"With that he stopped to talk, and hung his head, and she burst out in tears as she answered ‘Alas, for melancholy! O for what reason am I not dead, since all great confidence on earth has without a doubt kicked the bucket? What might an outsider do to me; she cried, ‘When one I thought my companion, the best of them, offers me to look for an adoration he ought to denounce? †(Book II, 59). In spite of the fact that she was respected by Troilus’s complimenting notes, Criseyde consequently didn't show any shared feelings in her reacting letters. She gave him a debt of gratitude is in order for each honest goal towards her, yet declined to give him ground for more noteworthy expectation; she never would be bound in affection, spare as a sister; this, to satisfy him, she readily would permit, if that could ease him† (Book II, 175). Be that as it may, through the weights of Pandarus, Troilus and Criseyde became darlings, until the war started, which unavoidably isolated them. Criseyde vowed to return to Troilus when time allowed. In any case, the untruthful Criseyde gave her heart and propose, given to her from Troilus, to Diomede amidst war. Chaucer’s objective in the composition of Troilus and Criseyde was to depict the confounding and blended messages of affection. In the start of the novel we are encouraged that adoration is the most satisfying feeling one can understanding. He clarifies the bliss and happiness that affection brings through Troilus and Criseyde’s sentimental relationship. Be that as it may, in the closure of the story Chaucer shares the torment and distress of affection. He cautions perusers to remain away and center all affection around God. â€Å"Oh all you new youngsters, the individual in question, in whom love develops ages step by step, get back home, return home from common vanity! Cast the heart’s face in adoration and dread upwards to God, who in His picture here has frantic you; think this world is nevertheless a reasonable going when bloom aroma in air† (Book V, 263). In this way, Chaucer leaves the crowd with disarray of affection. Through Cupid’s bolt and Pandarus’s control, the peruser builds up the tale of Troilus and Criseyde’s thrill ride relationship of affection. In spite of the fact that it started in excellence and joy, and finished in despondency and distress, the crowd is shown an important exercise love from Geoffrey Chaucer. Now and again love brings joy, while different occasions it brings wretchedness.

Why Do You Think You Will Be A Successful Leader - 1375 Words

Why Do You Think You Will Be A Successful Leader? (Essay Sample) Content: LeadershipNameInstitutionLeadershipThere is no doubt that leadership is a privilege that demands the responsibility to not only direct others but also inspire them to attain the set organizational goals. Successful leaders start by drawing their personal leadership philosophy (PLP), determining who they are, their priorities, and values. Such leaders tend to know their course and have mapped their internal compass and that is their source of confidence and effectiveness. Having a PLP helps a leader state their core values, what they believe in, what their people expect of them and at the same time, what they expect of their people, as well as how they intend to evaluate performance.The greatest asset that any organization can have is the staff. For that matter, as a leader, I have the responsibility of knowing my staff well, take interest in them, support their professional advancement, as well as recognize their achievements. In order to achieve this, it would mean t hat I be approachable so that the staff can feel comfortable sharing with me their experiences and sharing their news so that as a leader, I stay informed. Secondly, I realize empowering others to become effective decision makers is fundamental to the development of future leaders. In line with that, I will delegate specific decisions that I truly want my juniors to make and this means every staff member will only be allowed to make decisions that are appropriate to their ability level or level of responsibility. Similarly, I wouldnt want to delegate an assignment then micromanage it, but Id rather give that staff member the freedom and authority to undertake that assignment as this is key to the creation of future leaders in the organization.. Moreover, I will verify the work done, offer guidance and support, critique but not criticize. Thirdly, I believe that actions speak louder than words and this means that I believe in leading by example. Leading by example is fundamental to creating a successful team so that other staff members realize that if their leader did it, they too can do it. It is a way of eliminating foul cries but cementing strong, positive work ethics in the staff members. I do enjoy working alongside my staff although I realize that every one of us in the organization has non-interchangeable unique roles. Fourthly, I believe in the creativity of employees and that is why I will encourage freedom of action and innovation so long as those efforts are in line with the vision, mission, and objectives of the organization. On the same note, I do cherish traditions, but am always open to new, constructive ideas and values. As a leader, I have the role of nurturing a culture of creativity. In other words, I will allow for new ideas and creativity, but they must be within our organizational culture. Fifthly, I believe that leaders must be decisive and this means having the knowhow of when to and when not to act and at the same time, informing the staff about that decision in time. I will strive to avoid procrastination and all costs because it hinders staff morale. I believe in and mean what I say. Additionally, I strongly believe that as a leader, in have the duty of appreciating the good work done my staff and that is why I believe in the concept of employee recognition. I believe that employee motivation is attained through employ recognition and I would want to create a free and fair working environment that provides every staff member equal opportunity so that there is fair competition. In line with that, I seek to create an organizational culture that champions employee recognitions for it fosters commitment and avoid criticism that is as a source of fear. Those who are not on the right track will be made to understand their weaknesses and shown how to improve on them and I believe in the provision of step by step guidance. I believe in the building blocks for intrinsic rewards and motivation namely choice, competence , meaningfulness, and progress. First, in terms of choice, I seek to trust in the workers and have a clear purpose; to encourage employee engagement and learning and motivation. Leaders ought to recognize and applaud the act of an exemplary employee and ask others in the same setting to learn from that action. Secondly, it motivates the recognized employee, as well as his or her colleagues as they will strive to do the same and be recognized also. Thirdly, this boosts employee engagement. Through the skill of competence, there is recognition of skill, challenging others to learn from the action of the recognized employee, and the use of positive feedback to learn more about challenges that an employee faces in the workplace. In addition, I believe in the creation of a collaborative climate and celebration of achievement through recognition and appreciation. As a way of nurturing future leaders in the organization, I believe in mentorship and coaching. Mentorship denotes not only rec iprocal, but also collaborative learning that involves two people who both have goals, as well as shared accountability with regard to the success of the partnership. Here, the mentor assumes the role of an expert, role model, and guide, whose main goal is to develop a less experienced or new mentee. Sometimes the mutual association between the mentee and the mentor can be spontaneous or the two can be paired intentionally. It is paramount to note that mentorship that can take center stage at any stage of a nurses career; after college, movement to a new position, movement to a senior management position, or movement to a specialist role. On a positive note, if mentored well, a mentee can become a mentor in the future and pass on the acquired knowledge, skills, and wisdom to others. In essence, it involves partnership between a teacher mentor, and learner mentee; the learner learns from the mentee. Mentees are expected to take care of their learning behaviors, be responsible becaus e mentors are simply their guide. Mentees have new opportunities in the course of their careers to become something new, and through the right mentorship, they are likely to assume new roles successfully. O...

The Most Disregarded Answer for Essay Writing Samples Gre

The Most Disregarded Answer for Essay Writing Samples Gre Should you need samples fast, then you'll almost certainly enjoy our simple three-step approach. Well everyone requires some sort of assistance from time to time. For instance, in a country like Canada, where health care is absolutely free to all citizens, the potential for heart disease is on the upswing. It's important to thoroughly read and adhere to the directions in order to fulfill the test requirements. The Basics of Essay Writing Samples Gre Both Analytical Writing tasks are meant to test critical thinking and the capacity to articulate and assess complex arguments and discussions. Reasoning plays an essential role in specifying the general level of your essay. Consider your essay is limited concerning word count. An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. You may observe that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are hard to totally support. The 2nd essay would be about the argument analysis. GMAT writing must be achieved with care as you not only will need in order to recognize the holes in the statement you will critique you will also have to acquire your thoughts down in perfect English with no errors. Essay writing skills is a hard and time-consuming undertaking. Take the time to proofread your essay, after you finish writing it. Practice brainstorming a lot of different essay prompts from the ETS website to get accustomed to coming up with examples that you may use to support your standpoint. As soon as you have gathered ideas on the subject, you must properly place your thoughts into words. Others, naturally, scoff at the idea since they're such very good writers. Other times, you'll be given the freedom to develop informative and creative topics. If you are going to be taking the paper-based test, you must guarantee that you may write quickly and legibly, and you might want to devote extra time on day one of your essay to make certain that your thoughts are well-organized before you start to write. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Essay Writing Samples Gre BYJU'S will be happy to assist you in your GRE preparation journey. However you get ready for the essays, make sure you at least write a couple of each type before you take the actual GRE. So, you need to make sure there are at least 5-6 paragraphs in your essay, if you would like a good score on the AWA. While reading, it's also advisable to make note of all of the unfamiliar words and later learn them. Yes, there are a few great articles and sample 6. You will get your essay scores approximately 10-15 days following your test date. Employing a great essay proofreading service does not just enable you to correct the paper which you've written. Simple mistakes in your writing will significantly harm your last scores which is something you won't want if you're to compete in your admissions. If you're able to reveal wonderful writing skills along with a good ability to organize, you will become definitely an ideal grade. Learning along with reading is a must, but also is writing along with applying the knowledge you've got. The very first issue to do before you get started searching for GRE sample essays is to comprehend what the Analytical Writing test section is about. To practice writing awa essays all you want to do is. If you get ready for the exam format. If you get ready for the exam format from greguide.

The Best Business Entrepreneurs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 514 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Steve Jobs Essay Did you like this example? Steve Jobs As a standout amongst the best business entrepreneurs, it is nothing unexpected that Steve Jobs was on top. While he did not always make the best choices, he continuously rose up to the occasion. He gained tremendous knowledge from his oversights and mistakes. Throughout his years, many business associates thought his leadership was crazy as he lead his endeavors in an unconventional manner. From beginning to end Steve made vast momentous decisions, but in turn lead to the incredible growth of Apple. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Best Business Entrepreneurs" essay for you Create order Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak co-founded Apple in Jobs parents garage. They were able to make deals with local vendors to buy parts on credit to get their first order of 100 computers full-filled. This was the Start of Apple. According to the Chicago Tribune, Apple is now the worlds first $1 Trillion-dollar company. Jobs goal was for Apples products to change the way people work, communicate and live in the new technology era. He believed that is products would change the world! The people who are crazy enough to think they change the world are the ones who do. -Apples 1997 ?Think Different commercial. Jobs didnt care about the cost, he cared about the quality of the product he was offering his consumers. He was the ultimate salesperson, as well as a true customer advocate. What a rare combination of attributes for an entrepreneur to possess, said David K. William a publisher and entrepreneur. Throughout the years Jobs was enthusiastic, passionate and fearless in what it took to grow Apple. Many of his tactics lead to many risks in the company which inevitably got him fired from the company he founded. From this point he partnered with NeXT, inc. a PC organization, The NeXT combined powerful hardware and software in ways that had never been done before Apple Computer bought NeXT in 1996 after its own efforts to upgrade the Macintosh operating system failed. After the sale, Steve Jobs first began working as an advisor but was later appointed acting-CEO, and then finally CEO of the company. NeXTSTEP lives on as the heart of Mac OS X According to Simson.net. In 1997, Microsoft invested $150 Million dollars into Apple as the partnered Microsoft Office and Internet Explorer for the Mac. During this timeframe, Jobs also became the top shareholder or Pixar, an animation studio. When Pixar was sold to Disney for 7.4 Million, by converting Pixar shares to Disney shares, Jobs became the top shareholder in Disney! For quite a long-time, organizations over the world have attempted to understand Steve Jobs abilities and tactics that made him so inconceivably ingenious and successful. He not only changed the manner in which we conceive technology, he also changed films, music, retail shopping and thats only the tip of the iceberg. His abilities as a business person were a portion that the best of the world has seen. With this, Fortune magazine pronounced Steve Jobs The Greatest Entrepreneur of Our Time in their ranking of the Top 12 entrepreneurs. Steve jobs, a college dropout, was an incredible and successful entrepreneur from a year young age. He is a legend!

The Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican-American War

On Sept. 13, 1847, the American army assaulted the Mexican Military Academy, a fortress known as Chapultepec, which guarded the gates to Mexico City. Although the Mexicans inside fought valiantly, they were outgunned and outnumbered and were soon overrun. With Chapultepec under their control, the Americans were able to storm two of the city gates and by nightfall were in tentative control of Mexico City itself. Although the Americans captured Chapultepec, the battle is a source of great pride for Mexicans today, as young cadets fought bravely to defend the fortress. The Mexican-American War Mexico and the United States had gone to war in 1846. Among the causes of this conflict were Mexicos lingering anger over the loss of Texas and the US desire for Mexicos western lands, such as California, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Americans attacked from the north and from the east while sending a smaller army west to secure those territories they wanted. The eastern attack, under General Winfield Scott, landed on the Mexican coast in March of 1847. Scott made his way towards Mexico City, winning battles at Veracruz, Cerro Gordo, and Contreras. After the Battle of Churubusco on August 20, Scott agreed to an armistice which lasted until Sept. 7. The Battle of Molino del Rey After talks stalled and the armistice was broken, Scott decided to hit Mexico City from the west and take the Belà ©n and San Cosme gates into the city. These gates were protected by two strategic points: a fortified old mill named Molino del Rey and the fortress of Chapultepec, which was also Mexicos military academy. On September 8, Scott ordered General William Worth to take the mill. The Battle of Molino del Rey was bloody but short and ended with an American victory. At one point during the battle, after fighting off an American assault, Mexican soldiers crept out of the fortifications to kill American wounded: the Americans would remember this hateful act. Chapultepec Castle Scott now turned his attention to Chapultepec. He had to take the fortress in combat: it stood as a symbol of hope for the people of Mexico City, and Scott knew that his enemy would never negotiate a peace until he had defeated it. The castle itself was an imposing stone fortress set on the top of Chapultepec Hill, some 200 feet above the surrounding area. The fortress was relatively lightly defended: about 1,000 troops under the command of General Nicolà ¡s Bravo, one of Mexicos better officers. Among the defenders were 200 cadets from the Military Academy who had refused to leave: some of them were as young as 13. Bravo had only about 13 cannons in the fortress, far too few for an effective defense. There was a gentle slope up the hill from Molino del Rey. Assault of Chapultepec The Americans shelled the fortress all day on September 12 with their deadly artillery. At dawn on the 13th, Scott sent two different parties to scale the walls and assault the castle: although resistance was stiff, these men managed to fight their way to the base of the walls of the castle itself. After a tense wait for scaling ladders, the Americans were able to scale the walls and take the fort in hand-to-hand fighting. The Americans, still angry over their murdered companions at Molino del Rey, showed no quarter, killing many wounded and surrendering Mexicans. Nearly everyone in the castle was killed or captured: General Bravo was among those taken prisoner. According to legend, six young cadets refused to surrender or retreat, fighting to the end: they have been immortalized as the Nià ±os Hà ©roes, or Hero Children in Mexico. One of them, Juan Escutia, even wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and leaped to his death from the walls, just so that the Americans would not be able to take it in battle. Although modern historians believe the tale of the Hero Children to be embellished, the fact is that the defenders fought valiantly. Death of the Saint Patricks A few miles away but in full view of Chapultepec, 30 members of the St. Patricks Battalion awaited their grim fate. The Battalion was composed mainly of deserters from the US army who had joined the Mexicans: most of them were Irish Catholics who felt that they should be fighting for Catholic Mexico instead of the USA. The Battalion had been crushed at the Battle of Churubusco on August 20: all of its members were dead, captured or scattered in and around Mexico City. Most of those that had been captured were tried and sentenced to death by hanging. 30 of them had been standing with nooses around their necks for hours. As the American flag was raised over Chapultepec, the men were hanged: it was meant to be the last thing they ever saw. The Gates of Mexico City With the fortress of Chapultepec in their hands, the Americans immediately attacked the city. Mexico City, once built over lakes, was accessed by a series of bridge-like causeways. The Americans assaulted the Belà ©n and San Cosme causeways as Chapultepec fell. Although resistance was fierce, both causeways were in American hands by the late afternoon. The Americans drove the Mexican forces back into the city: by nightfall, the Americans had gained enough ground to be able to bombard the heart of the city with mortar fire. Legacy of the Battle of Chapultepec On the night of the 13th, Mexican General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna, in overall command of the Mexican forces, retreated from Mexico City with all available soldiers, leaving it in American hands. Santa Anna would make his way to Puebla, where he would unsuccessfully try to sever the American supply lines from the coast. Scott had been correct: with Chapultepec fallen and Santa Anna gone, Mexico City was well and truly in the hands of the invaders. Negotiations began between the American diplomat Nicholas Trist and what was left of the Mexican government. In February they agreed on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war and ceded vast tracts of Mexican land to the USA. By May the treaty had been ratified by both nations and was officially implemented. The Battle of Chapultepec is remembered by the U.S. Marine Corps as one of the first major battles in which the corps saw action. Although the marines had been around for years, Chapultepec was their highest-profile battle to date: the Marines were among those who had successfully stormed the castle. The marines remember the battle in their hymn, which begins with From the halls of Montezuma†¦ and in the blood stripe, the red stripe on the trousers of the marine dress uniform, which honors those who fell at the Battle of Chapultepec. Although their army was defeated by the Americans, the Battle of Chapultepec is a source of much pride for Mexicans. In particular, the Nià ±os Hà ©roes who bravely refused to surrender, has been honored with a memorial and statues, and many schools, streets, parks, etc. in Mexico are named for them.

The Goal Of The Leader - 923 Words

The Goal of the Leader The twentieth century was a period where different political ideologies came into existence throughout the world. The beginning of the century communism was occurring throughout Russia, while in the mid-twentieth century, much of Europe was fascist and in the end of the twentieth, religion played an important part of politics in Iran. The political leader who was in charge of the political movement would deem someone or an idea as the foundation of the movement, while also stating who was the enemy of the movement. Communist Russia, European Fascist and Iranian Shi’as leaders concluded the basis of their movement were the people struggling at the bottom of the socioeconomic pyramid, because the movements occurred in different time periods of the twentieth century the enemy was not similar. Communism started in Russia, 1912 but did not become the official ruling party until 1918. V.I. Lenin was one of the founders of the Bolshevik Party in Russia and believed the Bolsheviks, o r the working class, was the core of the Russian Revolution and should be rewarded for communism occurring. Communist believed that in an ideal society where everyone would be equal with no political leader or social classes. Everyone would work solely for the betterment of society and not for personal gain. Communist Russian leaders ideologies were against popular concepts of the time, which was primarily about the state, while communism was anti-state. Communist leadersShow MoreRelatedThe Goal Of The Leader921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Goal of the Leader The twentieth centaury was a period where different political ideologies came into existence throughout the world. The beginning of the centaury communism was occurring throughout Russia, while in the mid-twentieth centaury much of Europe was fascist and in the end of twentieth, religion played an important part of politics in Iran. 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Is Reality And Personal Identity - 1878 Words

Safian Alli English 101: College Prep Professor Monescalchi July 26, 2017 Paper #2: (Final Draft): Reality and Personal Identity Reality is an unstable state of consciousness that differs for every individual, as it is formed and based every individual’s experiences and societal influences. A person’s state of reality is formulated on the basis of his or her self-conception, that is, one’s tentative awareness of his or her unique abilities. The relationship between reality and personal identity is highlighted throughout Andrew Solomon’s â€Å"Son† and Leslie Bell’s â€Å"Hard to Get: Twenty-Something Women and the Paradox of Sexual Freedom,† where one’s personal identity affects his or her state of reality as it dictates how he or she perceives†¦show more content†¦Bell writes, â€Å"Tired of being a good girl who met all her parents’ and community’s expectations, Jayanthi began casually hooking up with men after college, often meeting several in one night† (33). 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Principles of Financial Markets

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Financial Markets. Answer: Introduction Fundamental analysis is conducted in tow approaches namely a top down and a bottom up analysis. The former analyzes industrial factors that influence the economy with respect to a company in a given industry (Marta Brusuelas, 2009). A bottom up analysis, on the other hand, assesses the financial condition of a particular company and its contribution in an industry. The fundamental analysis compares companies in a sector and not those in different sectors (Murphy, 2013). Top Down Analysis The airline industry faces many significant financial risks that affect the vulnerable returns on stock. Often, these risk exposures emanate from the ever changing economic conditions, the unstable and volatile movements in oil prices, and fluctuations in the exchange rates (Berghfer Lucey, 2014). These three risk exposures are the biggest threats to the stock prices. The risks are related to a competition in price, cyclical demand, capital investment, elevated levels of gearing, regulatory impediments arising from landing rights and ownership restrictions, and the fixed labour and equipment restrictions (Yasmin-Yashodha, et al., 2016). Evidently, the management of these exposures will determine how firms in the aviation industry progress. Companies such as Qantas Airway Limited and the Virgin Australia Group have experienced challenges such as high fuel prices, dwindling revenues, and economic uncertainties. These challenges paved way for low cost carriers to enter the market, especially for the economy class returns. The global financial crisis implied a drop in profits by many companies due to the increase in fuel costs, one-off gains, and a slower demand (Jorge Augusto, 2011). Qantas Airways Limited recorded an underlying profit of 1.53 billion dollars whereas Virgin Australia Group realized a figure of 41.0 million dollars. Despite the high prices both carriers still managed to record profits. Exchange Rate Exposure and the Stock Price Virgin Australia and Qantas are exposed to several risks that influence the companies objectives, both short-term and long-term. Some other factors that determine the stock price include the effects of pandemics, over-capacity in the market, competition on fares, and the low entry barrier of getting into the market. Foreign currency exposure is the sensitivity of the firms market value to unanticipated exchange rate movements. The exchange rate movements are solely determined by the foreign exposure of the firm (Laux, Yan, Zhang, 2015). This foreign exposure is derived from the operating revenue, risks due to costs, and the operating cash flow margin. Currency hedging practices and measurements also determine the exposure. Most of the expenses incurred by airplane carriers are handled in terms of major currencies (Chew, 2008). Consequently, a fluctuation of the currency will affect the profitability of the airlines in a number of ways. When the borrowing costs are handled in different currencies, it is expected that some liabilities will change alongside the equity of the company. The influence of tourism demand from overseas will influence the exchange rate risk factor because of the levels of exchange rate and competition the company is likely to face locally (Lee Hooy, 2012). Companies can thus be forced to adjust their revenue from overseas ventures appropriately. The exchange rate exposure is related to a number of variables. The companys revenue is subject to this exposure. Tickets are sold both locally and to international customers so it is difficult to avoid the exposure (Lima Hong, 2014). The foreign activities may also involve exchange of currency from one value to another and this enhances the level of risk. There is also aggressive competition, particularly in the international routes. This translates to the conversion of currency into the local one. As aforementioned revenues are closely linked to the exchange rates, thus the pricing level can reduce the effects of the exchange rates (Lima Hong, 2014). From a competitive perspective, industry-related factors also significantly affect the exposure levels. The currency exposure movement has an ambiguous effect on revenues. A rise or drop in the value of the domestic currency can either increase or decrease the cost of borrowing foreign debt and other costs. Foreign demand for international and domestic flights moves inversely with the value of the home currency. The demand for domestic travel shares an inverse relationship with the home currency and a demand for international travel changes directly. Hence, any depreciation in currency increases the probability of the residents to favor domestic travel rather than international destinations (Treanor, Simkins, Rogers, Carter, 2014). The competition thus prevents the airlines from preventing their revenues from experiencing currency movements. The significance of the exposure as measured by share returns, is dependent on the specific exchange rate, and varies over time. Airlines with foreign routes or various country offices are likely to have additional foreign sales, and airlines with holdings of international assets are more likely to be exposed to exchange rate movements (Yasmin-Yashodha, Hamid, Habibullah, 2016). With all of these effects offsetting and counteracting each other, the final impact of the currency exposure is uncertain. Fuel Price Exposure The fuel price affects the operational costs of the airline. Of an airlines operational costs, jet fuel accounts for approximately 13% (Laux, Yan, Zhang, 2015). This risk has an economic significance to the airplane carriers in the transportation industry. It is also possible to invest very little especially when the fuel price is high despite the existence of investment opportunities. The investment opportunities and the jet fuel costs in the airline industry have a direct correlation even as the higher costs are consistent with a lower flow of cash (Yasmin-Yashodha, Hamid, Habibullah, 2016). While the costs of jet fuel can be hedged, the airlines may desire to expand and hence hedge future purchases of fuel. Hedging increase the value in capital investment. Short-term cash flows are likely to be directly related to changes in fuel prices due to price change inertia (Marta Brusuelas, 2009). Revenue responsiveness may initially be slow due to advance sales, pre-committed advertised package fares, pre-booked seats, and so on. The fuel price exposure is more likely to be specific to a firm and echo various degrees of competitive power and fuel efficiency across the various airlines (Murphy, 2013). The effects of the price are thus more likely to be transferred because of the uniformity in fuel costs. The cash flows of the airlines are inversely proportional to the changes in fuel prices (Rich, Jones, Heitger, Mowen, Hansen, 2012). The profitability of the airline is thus reduced by the evident costs associated with jet fuel prices. Interest Rate Exposure The interest rate determines the loans, operating, and financial leases that are used to finance the acquisition of airplanes. The sector is relatively capital intensive due to the nature of the assets. Equity investment can be difficult to source because of the high earnings volatility. Equity financing is also greatly reduced due to the characteristic lower than average price-earnings ratios (Baker Filbeck, 2015). Borrowing costs are directly related to interest rate changes especially when the companies have variable rate leases and loans. The progression of the business cycle and the economic conditions are also affected by the interest rate (Berghfer Lucey, 2014). Eventually, the effects are felt in customer demand because here the demand is seasonal and cyclical. The exposure also brings financial distress on the airline industry. This distress is due to the forced sale of assets such as the aircraft fleet at heavily discounted prices because distressed airlines are forced to sell aircraft at below market prices, the purchase of new aircraft due to competition or contractual obligations, above industry average debt levels, and a decrease in revenue due to competition (Jorge Augusto, 2011). In the airline industry, an increase in the interest rates can increase the costs of distress as the operating and financial leverage is also high (Lima Hong, 2014). One reason why firms may under-invest is because of the distress costs. That behavior shows how the firm value can decrease as an indirect consequence of financial distress and under-investment costs. Profitability Analysis This analysis demonstrates how profits can be generated from the revenue. The ratios show how the companys investors have played a role in generating revenue for the company (Holtzman, 2013). The company uses this information to assess the managements effectiveness. The following table compares profitability ratios with respect to Qantas Airways Limited and Virgin Australia Limited. 2016 2015 2014 Gross Profit margin (%) Qantas Virgin Australia 1.11 1.29 1.06 1.14 1.03 1.11 Return on Equity (%) Qantas Virgin Australia 4.98 3.32 4.89 3.14 4.67 2.85 Return on Assets (%) Qantas Virgin Australia 0.97 0.76 0.88 0.72 0.72 0.68 Table 1: Comparative profitability analysis for the last 3-year period The gross margin ratio measures the companys ability to convert its inventory into cash when it sells (Jiambalvo, 2010). Therefore, a high value of gross margin is better because the company can fund its operations. The two companies reported values close to 1 (Maher, Stickney, Weil, 2012). The return on assets ratio is used to evaluate how a company can generate profits from its assets.. This ratio compares the earnings of the company to its total assets (Holtzman, 2013). The ratio is derived from the net profit or loss and the total assets. A high return on assets ration values means that the business realizes more profits from its assets. The value thus indicates how the management make use of the companys assets to generate revenue (Jiambalvo, 2010). The return on equity makes a comparison between the net income and the stockholders equity (Warren, Reeve, Duchac, 2014). The ratio is thus a measure of the profits that an investment from the shareholders has the potential to generate. This ratio is derived by finding the quotient between the net income and the average stockholder equity (Rich, Jones, Heitger, Mowen, Hansen, 2012). High values of ROA are preferred because they underline how management utilizes the stakeholders investments to create more income (Warren, et al., 2014). On comparison, Qantas Airways Limited is more likely to generate better returns as compared to Virgin Australia Limited because the former has performed better. Financial Strength Analysis This method analyzes the business capabilities of paying its long-term and short-term debts (Jiambalvo, 2010). The table below compares the financial strengths of Qantas Airways and Virgin Australia Limited. 2016 2015 2014 Debt to Equity Ratio Qantas Virgin Australia 4.13 4.11 4.09 4.01 3.98 3.95 Debt Ratio Qantas Virgin Australia 0.80 0.98 0.80 0.96 0.81 0.95 Return on Equity (%) Qantas Virgin Australia 4.98 3.32 4.89 3.14 4.67 2.85 Table 2: Financial strength analysis for the past 3-year period The debt to equity ratio represents a companys financing in relation to its creditors and investors. When this ratio is high, it implies that much of the business finance comes from the creditors (bank loans) and not from the shareholders (Holtzman, 2013). The debt to equity ratio is determined from the total liabilities and the shareholders equity by finding their quotient (Holtzman, 2013). Lower values of this ratio are preferred since they indicate less risk in investing into the company (Maher, Stickney, Weil, 2012). The debt ratio measures the level of debt or the liabilities of the business with respect to the total assets (Maher, Stickney, Weil, 2012). It is determined by finding the quotient of the total debt incurred and the total assets of the company. The ratio measures of the quantity of debt that is being financed by the assets owned by the company. The total debt refers to both long-term and short-term debt. A comparison of the ROE value between the two companies shows that investment into Qantas Airways is more likely to generate better returns as compared to investing into Virgin Australia because the former has a higher value. Management Efficiency Analysis Management of efficiency analysis determines how efficient a manager is (Jiambalvo, 2010). To perform the analysis the ROE, fixed asset turnover, and total asset turnover were used for this case. The analysis from the two companies is broken down in the table below. 2015 2014 2013 Asset turnover ratio Qantas Virgin Australia 4.68 3.98 3.13 4.07 2.85 4.13 Return on Equity (%) Qantas Virgin Australia 4.98 3.32 4.89 3.14 4.67 2.85 Total Asset Turnover Qantas Virgin Australia 0.96 0.62 0.89 0.61 0.83 0.57 Table 3: Management efficiency analysis A high total asset turnover figure demonstrates how the company can generate sales despite having limited fixed assets. A low ratio, on the other hand, may indicate that the business has many fixed assets or it needs to rejuvenate its sales (Rich, Jones, Heitger, Mowen, Hansen, 2012). The total assets and net sales are used to determine the ratio. The asset turnover evaluates a business efficiency when it utilizes its assets to create revenue. The sales are analyzed with respect to the assets (Warren, et al., 2014). If the companies were to generate more revenue from very few assets, it will indicate their efficiency at managing their assets (Warren, Reeve, Duchac, 2014). Recommendations Not much research has been documented on the financial risk exposures affecting the aviation industry. However, the fundamental analysis carried out with respect to Qantas Airways Limited and Virgin Australia Limited is sufficient to determine the financial performance of the two companies and the state of the aviation sector in the transportation industry. The financial risks under study: the exchange rate exposure, fuel price risk, and the foreign currency all play a crucial role in the value of a companys stock in this particular industry. The financial analysis helped to underline individual financial performance of the companies. Qantas Airways performed better than Virgin Australia as it had higher values in various ratios. While the company recorded a net profit of $1.54 billion, Virgin Australia managed $41 million in profits. References List Baker, K. Filbeck, G., 2015. Investment Risk Management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Berghfer, B. Lucey, B., 2014. Fuel hedging, operational hedging and risk exposure Evidence from the global airline industry. International Review of Financial Analysis, Volume 34, pp. 124-139. Chew, D. H., 2008. Corporate Risk Management. New York: Columbia University Press. Holtzman, M. P., 2013. Managerial Accounting For Dummies. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Jiambalvo, J., 2010. Managerial Accounting. New York: John Wiley Sons. Jorge, M. J. d. S. Augusto, M. A. G., 2011. Financial risk exposures and risk management: evidence from european nonfinancial firms. RAM. Revista de Administrao Mackenzie, volume 12 issue 5, pp. 65-97. Krause, T. A. Tse, Y., 2016. Risk management and firm value: recent theory and evidence. International Journal of Accounting Information Management, volume 24 no. 1, pp. 56-81. Laux, P. A., Yan, H. Zhang, C., 2015. Cost, risk-taking, and value in the airline industry, Delaware: s.n. Lee, C.-H. Hooy, C.-W., 2012. Determinants of systematic financial risk exposures of airlines in North America, urope and Asia. Journal of Air Transport Management, Volume 24, pp. 31-35. Lima, S. H. Hong, Y., 2014. Fuel hedging and airline operating costs. Journal of Air Transport Management, Volume 36, pp. 33-40. Loudon, G. F., 2004. Financial Risk Exposures in the Airline Industry: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand. Australian Journal of Management, 29(2), pp. 295-316. Maher, M. W., Stickney, C. P. Weil, R. L., 2012. Managerial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Marta, T. Brusuelas, J., 2009. Forex analysis and trading : Effective top-down strategies combining fundamental, position, and technical analyses. New York: Bloomberg Press. Murphy, J. J., 2013. Intermarket analysis : profiting from global market relationships. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Poitras, G., 2013. Commodity Risk Management: Theory and Application. New York, NY: Routledge. Rich, J. et al., 2012. Cornerstones of Financial and Managerial Accounting. Mason, OH: Cengage Brain. Treanor, S. D., Simkins, B. J., Rogers, D. A. Carter, D. A., 2014. Does Operational and Financial Hedging Reduce Exposure? Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry. The Finanical Review, 49(1), pp. 149-172. Warren, C. S., Reeve, J. M. Duchac, J., 2014. Financial Managerial Accounting. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Yasmin-Yashodha, Hamid, B. A. Habibullah, M. S., 2016. Financial risk exposures of the airlines industry: Evidence from Cathay Pacific Airways and China Airlines. International Journal of Business and Society, 17(2), pp. 221-244.

Coral Reef Pollution Can Hurt Bermudas Tourism Industry free essay sample

Environment and Development in a Global Perspective State of the Environment Report Coral Reef Pollution Can Hurt Bermuda’s Tourism Industry Introduction Waste management techniques in Bermuda have adverse effects on the coral reefs and can hurt the island’s tourism industry. This is a state of the environment report on the islands of Bermuda that serves to shed light on the pollution of the coral reefs due to waste management problems and the subsequent potential adverse effects it can have on the Tourism industry. I actually used to live in Bermuda during the period of 2006 to 2010 so I would like to think that I have gained valuable insight into the social and human development threats that this pollution problem poses to the general population. The tourism industry is the 2nd largest industry in Bermuda and is already in decline so it should be one of the island’s top priorities to maintain or even rebuild tourism to its former self. We will write a custom essay sample on Coral Reef Pollution Can Hurt Bermudas Tourism Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This report consists of three main parts. Firstly, a description of the environmental issues affecting the coral reef communities around the island. Secondly, a description of the human development issues and socioeconomic effects that the degradation of the coral reef community has or will most likely lead to on the island. Lastly, the report explores some proposed remedies for the environmental issues. State of the Environment For over a century, heavy metal waste from the islands of Bermuda has been stored on the shores of a large natural harbor called Castle Harbour. It is located between the north eastern end of the main island and St. David’s island and it just happens to be a mere two hundred meters away from the nearest coral reef community. Most of the waste being dealt with is from the population itself. There are about 67,000 people living on the islands and it is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. (Central Intelligence Agency) All of the country’s solid waste and scrap metal are either dumped at the site in Devonshire to be incinerated or stored at Castle Harbour, also known as the ‘airport dump’. â€Å"Bermuda has been disposing of waste at the airport dump for nearly 40 years with little thought of the impact on the environment,† read a 2010 article in the local newspaper, the Royal Gazette. Bardgett, 2010) Figure 1 shows a portion of the Castle Harbour site and really gives you an appreciation for the proximity of the waste to the water itself. As you can imagine there is not much land flow acting as a buffer before pollutants leach into the ocean. Figure 1. Old cars stacked at the Castle Harbour ‘airport dump. ’ (Bardgett, 2010) In addition to cars, appli ances such as refrigerators release harmful chemicals like anti-freeze and oil into the ocean surrounding the Harbour. These chemicals have already caused irreversible damage to the coral reef and are having a notable effect on the black grouper fish population (Bardgett, 2010). It is worth noting that the coral reef in the area has already been through irreversible sedimentation damage in the past from a dredge and fill operation that occurred 60 years ago. Since the 1970s, there was a decrease in percent cover from 12% (Dryer amp; Logan, 1978) to 2% and is not completely gone only because the brain coral Diploria labyrinthiformis was sediment tolerant (Flood, 2004). In Castle Harbour sedimentation is chronic so this new threat of chemical leakage is a blow to an already wounded environment. Figure 2 shows a brain coral from Castle Harbour that has been damaged by sedimentation. The dimple type formation is characteristic of sediment damage (Flood, 2004). Figure 2. Dimple formations on brain coral affected by sedimentation at Castle Harbour (Flood, 2004). Unfortunately, in addition to the sedimentation and the chemical leaching, the coral reef colonies are also subject to pollution from raw sewage. Bermuda does not have a sewage treatment plant. The island itself is made entirely of limestone, as it is land formed by a now dormant volcano. Households rely on pits dug into the limestone that stores and processes sewage along with used water from sinks and laundry. This mixture eventually reaches the oceans after it percolates through the limestone. Larger structures such as hotels and apartment complexes use pipes to transport waste offshore. According to this report, human sewage might cause the algae on the reef to â€Å"overgrow and shade the corals and eventually kill the reef† (â€Å"Bermuda’s inshore waters,†). Sewage waste that had been dissolved and pumped three miles offshore from Paget Parish in the south has caused a growth surge in marine weeds that choke the slower growing corals. Now this is an ecological imbalance and is currently ongoing so scientists are monitoring it (Jones). Also, the extra nutrients will cause the phytoplankton to grow in numbers and turn the water from crystal clear to green (â€Å"Bermuda’s inshore waters,†). During the summer months an average of 400,000 tourists visit the islands and cruise ships significantly contribute to the amount of sewage produced by the population. Sewage from the City of Hamilton and surrounding areas as well as the cruise ships are disposed of at the Seabright Point submarine sewage outfall. 500,000 to 1,000,000 gallons of raw sewage is discharged every day, at peak flow (â€Å"Seabright point monitoring,†). According to a Pastorok and Bilyard report, the three components of sewage effluent most detrimental to coral communities are nutrients, sediments and toxic substances (Pastorok amp; Bilyard, 1985). Castle Harbour is primarily providing sediments and toxic substances while the nutrients are being pumped about the islands at different locations but mainly from Seabright Point. The same report explained that anthropogenic inputs of dissolved nutrients and organic particulate matter can limit oxygen levels. This is important because it directly affects the marine life in the area that depends on the oxygen. Bermuda’s coral reefs are the most isolated and northern reefs in the Atlantic. It is actually extremely rare to find long distance dispersals by corals to isolated reefs like Bermuda’s. These coral reefs are located just on the outskirts of the environment that it thrives in so it does not have an abundance of different types of coral. The coral species that happen to be there have adapted to the seasonal weather that these higher latitudes bring. However, because there are a limited number of species, the entire reef’s ability to bounce back and respond to environmental change is limited. Therefore, any damage to the coral reefs will have persistent impacts. Related Human Development Issues Besides tourism, there are many ways that coral reef degradation directly impact humans. As mentioned before, coral reefs provide shoreline protection by buffering wave energy and reducing coastal erosion. As they become degraded, they will become weaker and the waves do not only cause more coastal erosion as they get stronger but they also aid in the breaking up of coral so once degradation has begun it tends to be a very slippery slope. Correspondingly, loss of coral reefs means loss of critical habitat for reef fish. Two of Bermuda’s local delicacies are codfish and potatoes, which are traditionally, enjoyed on a Sunday morning and rockfish which is a soft tasty dish that you can find at any restaurant on the island. Both of these fish are directly linked to the coral reefs and a reduction of habitat would mean a reduction in fish to catch. This would negatively affect both food supply and associated economic activities. Finally, coral reefs have pharmaceutical compounds and a degraded one can no longer provide medicinal resources for drugs to treat heart disease, cancer, and other illnesses (â€Å"Socioeconomic impacts,†). Figure 3 shows the different reasons that Bermuda’s coral reef communities are used and their associated values. Figure 3. Total Economic Value (TEV) of Bermuda’s coral community divided into sectors (Sarkis, van Beukering amp; McKenzie, 2010). Figure 4 corresponds with Figure 3 and provides the monetary value of the different sectors that the coral reef community TEV is divided into. Figure 4. Average Annual Value of services provided by Bermuda’s coral reefs (Sarkis, van Beukering amp; McKenzie, 2010). Bermuda’s tourism industry is already struggling but continues to be the 2nd largest industry in Bermuda (Central Intelligence Agency). The economy is primarily based on providing financial services for international business and since Bermuda has the fourth highest income per capita in the world, it’s safe to say that the country is truly affluent (Central Intelligence Agency). However, the wealth in the country is certainly not divided equally as the country’s wealth relies so heavily on these two industries. People with direct influence in the tourism and business community hold the majority of the island’s wealth but the population of locals in this category is very limited because many of the business executives and workforce are expatriates who come to the islands to work for some time and leave. This occurs because of the law in Bermuda that prevents foreigners from ever gaining citizenship and because most of the business is international and would more likely hire their own people for the higher positions. It is also extremely hard to become a resident without marrying a local and foreigners cannot even own land, or buy houses that are under the annual rental value of USD $177, 000 (â€Å"Bermuda residence and,† 2012). This means that the recorded 19% of the entire population that lives under the poverty line is actually a larger percentage of the truly local population. This is an extremely large number of people for a country that has five times the GDP per capita of the USA (Central Intelligence Agency). With jobs and positions in the business market essentially saturated, locals have been obligated to work in the service and hospitality sector where the tourism industry is the major provider of income. It is such a shame that the obvious candidate, the depression, is negatively affecting the industry. With the decline in tourism, a larger gap is being created between the rich and the poor. Also, since the initiative was taken to make the tourism industry a joint effort between the government and the community, a further decline in tourism would directly affect family owned hospitality businesses as well as single person jobs and will undoubtedly increase the percentage of the population living under the poverty line. So it would be even more shameful if the tourism industry were further perturbed by other factors on a local scale such as the pollution of the coral reefs due to poor waste management. Besides marine tourism and aesthetics, tourists mainly come to the island because of its world-renowned ‘pink sand’ beaches. The coral is responsible for the pink sand and clear water and most importantly acts as a buffer for wave action. Therefore, if there is less coral then there will be more coastal erosion and this would truly be detrimental to the beaches and Bermuda’s tourism. Proposed Remedies and Conclusion Now that we have established that the two main problems are the Castle Harbour leaching and the sewage disposal, we can talk about potential solutions. Greg Wilcox, president of Midway Auto Parts in Kansas City, Missouri, visited the island in 2010 with a few of his colleagues and explained that he was surprised at the situation at Castle Harbour because it was something only expected of a third world country (Bardgett, 2010). He is now working with the environmental group Greenrock on an initiative that would benefit all sectors of the community including insurance companies, auto repair shops and the government. In the US there are auto parts recyclers who deal with ‘white material’ and sell the second-hand parts (Bardgett, 2010). Having lived in Bermuda, I know for a fact that there is an abandoned airstrip behind the airport itself that would be a prime location for something of that nature. Transporting the material from Castle Harbour will not be a problem because it is literally across the street. It is already the first thing the tourists see when they get to the island but at least this way it can be contained within warehouses inside a compound and white material can be drained and disposed of properly. For the sewage system problem, the most obvious remedy would be to build a sewage treatment plant. However, because of the linear dispersal of the island it would be very difficult to dig up the roads to lay down sewage lines (Wingate, 2006). The public also are strongly against a sewage treatment plant being anywhere near their houses and in the central district of Hamilton there is hardly any vacant land available. The only option to mitigate the amount of sewage leaking into the ocean would be to upgrade the method of treatment for each household or complex. If the government were to import small-scale self-contained tertiary treatment plants in bulk for each household it will be more affordable (Wingate, 2006). Having said all this, no action will be taken for at least another four years because the Coral Reef Ecology and Optics Lab just launched a five year assessment of the marine environment and coral reef ecosystem in 2012. The assessment is centered on the Seabright Point sewage outfall and is supposed to determine the fate of the sewage as well as the impact on the reef ecosystem (â€Å"Seabright point monitoring,†) Final Word Count: 2416 References: 1. ) Central Intelligence Agency. (2013). The World Factbook: Bermuda. Updated February 13, 2013, Retrieved March 19, 2013, from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd. html 2. ) Bardgett, Robyn. (2010, December 1). Vehicle recyclers visit from US Pollution at airport dump causes concern. The Royal Gazette, Retrieved from http://www. royalgazette. com/article/20101201/NEWS07/712019915 3. ) Pastorok, R. A. , Bilyard, G. R. , 1985. Effects of sewage pollution on coral-reef communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 21, 175–189. 4. ) Dryer, S. , Logan, A. , 1978. Holocene reefs and sediments of Castle Harbor, Bermuda. Journal of Marine Research. 36(3), 339–425. 5. ) Flood, V. S. (2004). Coral Community Structure and Patterns of Sedimentation in Castle Harbour Bermuda. Retrieved from http://athenaeum. libs. uga. edu/bitstream/handle/10724/7970/flood_vanese_s_200412_ms. pdf? sequence=1 6. ) Bermudas inshore waters. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. coexploration. org/bbsr/coral/html/body_bermuda_inshore_waters. html 7. Jones, R. (n. d. ). Environmental issues. Retrieved from http://www. moon. com/destinations/bermuda/background/the-land/environmental-issues 8. ) Seabright point monitoring. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. bios. edu/research/projects/seabright 9. ) Socioeconomic impacts. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. reefresilience. org/Toolkit_Coral/C2c2_Socioecon. html 10. ) Sarkis , S. , van Beukering, P. J. H. , amp; McKenzie, E. Bermu da Department of Conservation Services, (2010). Total economic value of bermuda. Retrieved from website: http://www. onservation. bm/coral-reef-economic-valuation/ 11. ) Bermuda residence and property. (2012, November). Retrieved from http://www. lowtax. net/lowtax/html/bermuda/jbrres. html 12. ) Wingate, D. Bermuda Zoological Society, (2006). Conservation in bermuda  (CON-02). Retrieved from website: http://www. gov. bm/portal/server. pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_11280_207_227543_43/http;/ptpublisher. gov. bm;7087/publishedcontent/publish/new_min_of_environment/environmental_protection___project_nature_fact_sheets/conservation_in_bermuda_0. pdf

Sound and Space

Importance of sound Life is made meaningful through the five senses present in human beings. The experiences that people go through are facilitated through the senses that enable people to decipher the messages contained in the sounds that they hear. Seeing and hearing are touted as the most fundamental and can only be compared to food and water, the most basic human need.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sound and Space specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sonic impressions created by hearing do to a greater extent help in determining visual impressions that are created by sight. Sounds, together with images have been developed and they form the basis of the creative arts sector in many countries1. Just as hearing comes top among the senses, music is ranked above all other arts. Art uses both visual and sound impressions. However, sound has proven to be more powerful over visual images in the world of art. From b irth, human beings use sound qualities and later on during gradual maturity use the expressive qualities found in speech and music to familiarize themselves with the qualities of life. The invaluable experiences offered by music and other sound qualities help in human development and self-discovery through communication2. In the long history of human development, one of the most important factors that have characterized that development is the concept of sound. Is has been one of the crucial deciding factors in the development and advancement of society as well as its sustenance in the dynamic world. Many cultures including Indian and Vedic have myths that seek to explain the mysterious nature of sound. These myths explore the existence of the soul before the existence of the earth and how sound developed after the universe came to exists. In Indian culture, for instance sound was regarded highly that it is classified as one of the characteristics of ether, one of the elements of na ture. They ancient Indians believed that sound pervaded everything3. The existence of sound in the world is crucial to the creation of perception and presence that determine the shape of the world. Sound according to Thompson creates perception, emotional, spiritual, and psychological spaces (50). Through the above elements, understanding within ourselves, the environment and between human beings is enhanced. Communication too is enhanced through sound and space.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the same note, the importance of sonic space and the experience that it creates in everyday human life comes to the fore. In the middle of the sonic experience is the space and human beings. This presents a complicated relationship that intensely involves the audible domain and the visceral involvement with architects of sonics that work on structures to transform space to a sonic exper ience4. There is a unique articulation of space and place in the interactive sound environment that are helpful to human brings in their efforts in engaging with the immediate environment. In the experiment for instance, a subtly performative medium done in an immersive environment will help transform the space to a sonic experience effectively casting the listener as a creator and performative agent5. An important point to note is the characterization of interactive environments like walled rooms by an interface that aids in triggering sonic material from the axial coordinate location of an interactive agent within an architectural space. The triggering may be done by direct triggers like objects including wall boxes, floor pads and light beams. The sound is generated and recorded and plays itself out regardless of the morphology of the person interacting with them6. This is possible because the sonic content of objects installed with fixed morphological structures that are acquire d when samples of the sound are generated and recorded. There is a variance on interactive input because of the collage of objects that are used in the experiment and they provide a direct relationship between the qualities of the interactive gestures and the sonic outcomes. Perhaps the most important role that sound plays in the development of human beings as well as the day-to-day lives is the nurturing of emotion. Through sound, human beings are able to learn and feel emotions while attaching meaning to them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sound and Space specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Emotions help transform human beings to social beings capable of feeling. After learning emotions, human beings use the sonic arts to communicate the emotions to fellow human beings in their quest to have corresponding real life experiences7. An emotional being through socialization is transformed to a social being. The pres ervation of quality sounds reinforces sound integrity to ensure human beings get the best of the sounds that we use and those that we get through music and other sonic arts. The social being is developed through the sounds he/ she hears. It’s important to note that there exists a wide variety of sounds that help human beings to develop full social beings. It’s also important to add that it helps when human beings are exposed to various sounds because it helps the above said development. To ensure that quality sound is made and is available for human social development, recording was introduced. Recording was a big step in the development and storage of music and quality sounds that help human beings develop. Through recording relationship between sound and space and there are numerous sonic transformations that can be achieved8. There is more to the projection of sound into space than meets the eye. Space is more than a container for sound. Sound has the ability to def ine space through the creation of metaphorical walls. When sound happens in space, there is a regular process that helps waves traverse the distance between the source and the ear. An important element in this relationship between sound and space is the existence of a common structural design that can be referred to as architectonics9. This experiment will address the behavior of sonic qualities of space as well as the spatial characteristics of sound. It’s helped that through the experiment, the important role that sound and/ or silence plays in giving space its sonic qualities will be brought out. Throughout time, there have been sonic and spatial constructions that have been useful in defining places in time. They will also be looked at albeit briefly to underscore the importance they played in the transformation of space to a sonic experience. The literature and experiment will be dedicated to the explanation of sound and space applications that include architectural crea tion of sonic spaces, landscapes and sculptures.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sonic space The acoustic coloration can be described as the sonic space. The sonic space is crucial in how people hear and perceive interact with sound in their environment. Particularly important especially in the experiment is the human interaction aspect with sonic space. Human interaction with space can be primitive or cultural and emotional. Human beings primitively gather raw sonic data for instance reverberation and echo. Additionally, cultural and emotional sonic interaction with space evokes higher cognitive processes in human beings10. It’s important to recognize the importance of sonic space in the virtual worlds. In games, for instance there is realistic sound simulation that brings the foley effects, atmospheric sound and sound effects. Additionally, sonic space enhances the emotional aspects of a scene through narration and music. Sonic space in games brings out the realistic sound simulation that includes dialogue. The experiment’s main objective of tran sforming space to a sonic experience can be used to enhance information communication and education. According to Wade, the interaction between human beings and sonic space is more than just a primitive reaction to the environment. The process involves the use of raw data gathering abilities which are largely primitive, perception which are also primitive characteristics of higher cognition and high impact listening that are also part of higher cognition. The illustrations that follow will demonstrate this in a room environment that will form the wider context of the experiment (46). Source: Landy, Leigh. What’s the Matter with Today’s Experimental Music?: Organized Sound too Rarely Heard. Chur, Reading: Harwood Academic Press, 1991. Print. This is primitive raw data gathering in a room environment. There is also perception which is primitive raw data gathering and higher cognition in a room environment as illustrated below. Source: Landy, Leigh. What’s the Ma tter with Today’s Experimental Music?: Organized Sound too Rarely Heard. Chur, Reading: Harwood Academic Press, 1991. Print. Finally there is high impact listening that involves higher cognition in a room environment. Sonification mainly deals with the use of non-speech sound. It’s important to look at some of the difficulties that are experienced in the use of non-speech sound to convey information. Interference between different dimensions of sonic space and the cognitive overload are some of them. Some of these problems can be alleviated incorporating some of the background functions into sonic space11. For instance, the problem may be solved through association of data size with sonic space instead of dimensions like pitch or loudness12. A particular importance of the experiment will be a demonstration of the potential that exists in using sonic space to help in the learning processes in visually impaired learners13. Sound and space According to LaBelle and Roden s ound cannot exists on its own without space (34). Additionally for sound to exist, it needs architecture and sight. The examination of the relationship between sound and space was first mooted by the ancient Greeks. The experiments conducted by the Greeks sought to investigate the behaviors of sound in different space settings. The unique behaviors that sound exhibited in these different space settings was the main content of the investigations they carried. These early researchers came up with the premise that the relationship between sound and space was utterly dependent on architecture. This relationship was vividly captured in the ideas and works of Vitruvius when he sought to control sound in theatres. A concrete conclusion that was reached by these researchers was that sound and music had an explicit linkage to architecture underlain through the harmony of the universe. Of special importance however was the relationship that exists between sound space and place and their linka ge to transforming space to a sonic experience. Presence of bodies and movement aids in the realization of the existence of space14. In the experiment, one will discover that sound is a temporary medium that needs careful analysis to uncover its properties. Through the use of psychoacoustics, reverberation is analyzed to bring out the information on size of the sonic environment15. The presence and active participation of the human mind in this experiment brings to the fore the ability to envision and discover the source of excitation while determining the fine qualities of the materials used in case boxes. The above is possible when one considers reverberation together with timbre and attack. The concept of morphology is brought back through its entrenchment in the sonic recording of the audio sample. It’s important to note that the recording that will be involved in the sonic transformation of a space is interactive in nature and does little to condition the response hence the exact nature of the interaction is produced at the external reference16. It therefore does not reflect the participants’ experience and cognition rather that of natural rules of sonics. The need to mould the environment therefore through the use of architecture in order to condition the interactive experience arises17. Sound and space could not be understood without the use of architecture that was crucial in developing harmonic properties of sound as well as the mathematical impressions of sound and music. The ancient researchers also did conclude that site and sound existed simultaneously and that the relationship could be examined through the listening experience. Their joint existence can fall within the social presence context or private experience context. In terms of acoustics and resonance, site and sound do determine their development where one of them is characterized as a receiver while the other is characterized as a transmitter18. The above explanation by the Greek researchers of sound and space concluded that space is crucial in the controlling, deadening, reflection, and destruction of sound. There is a lot of architecture that goes to designing and developing areas where people live for instance in cities and quiet parks. That therefore means there can be a deliberate generation of sound to alter space. Similarly, one can shape space to manipulate sound to a negative or positive effect instead of reducing or deadening or eliminating it19. Besides the perception capabilities that human beings display toward sound, they can also create and destroy both sound and space. When designing space, architects are mostly concerned about the acoustic factors that will affect the spaces they design. Acoustics One of the concepts that come out prominently in the relationship between sound and space and sonic is acoustics. According to Ripley et al, every room has a sound. In any room, sound waves experience reflection, absorption, and dispersion ( 45). This is done by the boundaries the physical contents like furniture and the people present. It’s important to note that different rooms have different sounding formats. The sounding is determined by the size, geometry and the materials that are used. More importantly, their acoustic behavior is more critical to the sounding of the room. A connection between acoustics and sonic transformation will be necessary in the experiment in its quest to transform space to a sonic experience. No doubt there is a lot of architecture and other fine details that go into transforming space to fit acoustics. While this experiment has little to do with acoustics, the sonic gestalt that is involved considers sound as a unique media that is an internal artifact. According to Thompson sound penetrates the body and it’s very difficult for anyone to use it in a concrete way to come up with anything far from appeasing emotional experiences20. According to Smalley, this â€Å"slipperyâ⠂¬  nature of sound is referred to as surrogacy. The sonic transformation of space in this experiment is will operate on the principle of remote surrogacy with the assumption that when the listeners will be hearing the sound from the materials on the wall, they will involve their cultural and environmental experiences to find meaning. In other words the experiment will mainly concentrate on the production of sound in a room space with different materials. The materials in a room or space will be crucial in the transformation of space to a sonic experience and a good understanding of the dynamics involved in acoustics will help shed some light on the concept and help in explaining the effect of space and sound21. Size, geometry, diffusion, and absorption describe acoustics in the most basic terms. Acoustics is all about eliminating resonances by ensuring reflections of sound disappear through absorption and diffusion. In their quest to improve sound quality, acousticians try to modi fy rooms through architectural designs that greatly alter sound in rooms especially theatres to fit the purpose. However, it is imperative to highlight that the sound source is also a factor in determining the quality of the sound experiences in a room22. More often than not, acoustic engineers and architects try to dampen the rooms in order to improve the sound of the reflection. Sometimes it is successful while at times it flops badly. Sound quality in a room is mainly determined by the material used. Every material possesses a vibration character. This is more critical in the reflection of sound waves, perhaps more critical than the absorption and dispersion coefficients. To achieve the best reflection, engineers struggle to match the mother of tone to the character of the reflecting material. The mother of tone is ideal because it is the same benchmark that is used by the human body in its regulation of vibration of ears and generally, bodies. It’s against these that all sounds that are meant for any human beings are evaluated. Size Resonant frequencies are mainly affected by the size of the room. These cavity models of the room signify that a few of frequencies will be higher or louder than all other frequencies available. For instance a sub hoofer that normally has low frequencies is designed to activate and excite the cavity modes present in rooms. The cavity modes or frequencies of a room can only be changed through alteration of the size or its volume that is more or less the size23. The objects that will be used in the experiment will be of different sizes to fulfill the intentional purpose of producing several sounds. Geometry Direction of sound reflections in a room is determined by the geometry of the room. On the other hand, the geometry of the room is determined by the angles and the positioning of the walls as well as the floor, ceiling, furniture and any other physical object in the room. Any new entry into a room changes the acoustics of that particular room. It is important to note that the commonest reflection happens between parallel rather than perpendicular walls24. Materials The materials that make up the walls, ceiling, and floor of the room as well as the materials of the furniture and any other physical objects greatly determine the acoustics. Understanding into these individual material properties will need a macro understanding of the individual materials on the physical features of a room. Concisely, the acoustic properties of a material in a room are determined through the amount of sound that is reflected by that particular object. The amount of sound is determined by the absorption coefficient. Also determining the acoustic properties of a material is the direction the reflection takes which is determined by the dispersion or diffusion coefficient25. The physical objects that are capable of creating and sometimes destroying sound and the acoustic energy that fills the air are some of the major aspe cts of sound. Both scientific and aesthetic ways, the relationship with the environment and the circumstances that surround someone determine who gets to hear what. Perhaps the relationship between space and sound is better captured through the demonstration of an empty house and that is already furnished26. An empty house demonstrates acoustic harshness that is not pleasant to the ear at all. Sound in occupied houses is more soft and accommodating than the former. The different surfaces from different objects that are present in the house help in the refraction and softening of the sound giving a soothing acoustic. According to Pallasmaa, different spaces and buildings display varied characteristics of attractiveness, feelings, intimacy, monumentality, harshness, invitation, or rejection (58). The above characteristics signify either hospitality The features described above come in hand in the achievement of acoustics of a room. They are also important in the transformation of spac e to a sonic experience. The different objects that will be used in the experiment will spot various measurements of the features that will directly impact on the sound they will produce. Of importance is the morphology and timbre of the objects that will be placed to act as the sources of the sounds that will aid in the transformation of the space to a sonic experience. Sound and space Given the importance of space in this transformation, it’s only important to understand how the human element through architecture influences electro-acoustics that are directly linked to the space-sonic transformation experience. The human effect on sound and space is mainly captured through the architectural element that is directly related to sound and space. People have come up with designs that manipulate sound to achieve the sound qualities that they want. The creation of Symphony Hall marked the beginning of an acoustic era dominated by technology. This technology enabled architects and acousticians to have greater control of over sound. The Symphony hall is still regarded as the first ever, modern science inspired creation that clearly captured the effect of human beings and space on sound. It’s important to note that there are many symphony halls and their workings are basically the same. One critical factor that comes up in the human effect on sound on space and the incorporation of architecture into the study and understanding of sound is the materiality of the objects used. Reverberation is determined by the frequency dependency of the powers of sound absorbing by the materials used in architecture. Within the materiality concept, the barriers that aid in minimizing noise pollution in building and construction came up27. According to Wade, human beings have largely been responsible for the manipulation of architecture and space in the cities to introduce a completely new concept of soundscape (56). The use of space has ensured the resonation of the cit ies, echoing, muffling, and the isolation of all the urban sounds creating a new dimension of soundscape. Urban designers and planners have responded by planning every building in the cities in specialized and differentiated ways. Determination of the openness of the streets, planting of trees and the specification of materials for different surfaces has been carefully considered in the use of space to control sound. Due to the relative easiness through which architects can make predictions on the reverberations, the acoustics of the inside of buildings have been easily controlled and their spaces only reflect the acoustic qualities that their owners prefer28. Wade says that human beings are perceptive creatures as well as active creators of sound and space. The acoustic space that is designed by architects is the primary concern when designing structures. Human beings are increasingly capable of manipulating the soundscapes of buildings through advanced architectural designs. In th is advanced manipulation of sound contexts, architects have sought to understand the effect of spatial sound. With the advancement in technology brought about by the industrial revolution, people started modifying and measuring sound. Scientific study of sound enabled acoustic engineers and acousticians to manipulate microphones and amplifiers and loudspeakers together with the electrical signals that sound devices used. The discovery of sound production through electronics redefined acoustical phenomena using electronics rather than architecture. Acousticians could easily study and understand the behaviors of sound thanks to the advanced technology29. According to Labelle and Roden, the sounds that are present today are because of technological mediation that is as a direct result of the manipulation by engineers and architects. Control of the behaviors of sound is no longer the mystery it used to be (132). Many more materials used in the generation of sound have been developed tog ether with numerous electro-acoustic devices that have helped greatly in the understanding of acoustics. The development of the electro-acoustic and other techniques of manipulating sound have led to the production of both intended and unintended consequences. These noises include radio broadcasts, music concepts, and motion pictures with soundtracks that have become popular with people30. It’s important to note that it is the need to control sound behavior and a culture for listening that have driven both the architectural and technological developments in acoustics. New worries about noise that is as a direct result of human being manipulation of the sound space led to the desire by acousticians to control the sound in specific rooms where performances were held and that were important in producing acoustically correct music. Furthermore, the desire to eliminate all unnecessary sound was informed by the need to achieve efficiency in acoustics. According to Ripley et al cont rol of acoustics by architects and engineers was seen as a way of enabling these musicians exercise choice in a world filled with all kind of aural commodities (89). This developments helped producers and other acoustically interested people to determine what constitutes good and acceptable sound and to determine how and what it took to achieve it. The gradual development of the relationship between sound and space led to the reformation of the principles that define it. There was gradual dissociation of sound from space to an extent that the relationship became non-existent31. The development of sound absorbing structures and the instruments that produced their own authentic acoustic sounds diminished the relationship between sound and space. It is safe to conclude that the architectural bit has became a little differentiated and now concentrated on the development of either good structures or instruments that produce acoustic sounds according to the preference of the listeners. Re verberation was a direct creation of architecture that necessitated its creation. It was always a function of the room size, geometry and the materials of the surfaces of the objects in the room. These factors together controlled the production of acoustic sound for long periods. It is therefore with relief that products that can produce acoustic sounds can be made and reverberation is just a form of noise that does not need to be controlled to produce acoustic sound32. Directly related to architecture and human effect is the phenomenon of the sound transformation. The experiment on the transformation of space to a sonic experience can be said to be a miniature of electro acoustics that has been necessitated through architecture. Through the objects in a room is the creation of timbre development from basic one basic sound texture to another. The fundamental concept here is the timbral metamorphosis which is more or less the transformation that space goes through to become a sonic e xperience. Though there may be numerous transformations that take place to form one sonorous gesture, an analysis of one is enough to illustrate the point since the process is repetitive. Its important to note that there is considerable manipulation of the sound source which in this case will be the objects placed in the room to generate the morphology of the source to create a sound transformation to a sonic experience33. Conclusion Throughout the paper both direct and indirect literature and details of transforming space to a sonic experience have been dealt with. The explanations have sought to explain the settings that this particular experiment will use to transform space to a sonic experience and how concepts like acoustics relate to the sonic concept. In so doing the paper has in significant proportions concentrated on architecture and the role it plays in acoustics and sonic transformation. Additionally, there is substantial information relating to the projection of sound in to a space and the cognitive characteristics of human beings that are necessary for a sonic transformation to be complete. In so doing, a number of scholars and their works on sonic transformation and the metamorphic process involved in the process have been used and cited. The process and the finer aspects involving transformation of space to a sonic experience have been explicitly examined. It’s therefore hoped that the information presented in the paper adequately explains the experiment that seeks to transform space to a sonic experience. 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London: Errant Bodies Press, 1999. Print. Landy, Leigh. What’s the Matter with Today’s Experimental Music?: Organized Sound too Rarely Heard. Chur, Reading: Harwood Academic Press, 1991. Print. Moravec, Hans. Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1988. Print. Paine, Garth. Gesture and Musical Interaction: Interactive Engagement through Dynamic Mo rphology. Paper presented at NIME, at Hamamatsu, Japan, 2004. Print. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses. New York: Wiley- Academy, 2005. Print. Paynter, John,et al. A Companion to Contemporary Musical Thought. London: Routledge Publishers, 1992. Print. Ripley et al. In the place of sound: architecture, music, and acoustics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. Sallie, Westwood; John, Williams. Imagining Cities: Scripts, Signs, Memory. Routledge, 1997. Print. Scott, Jill. The Body as Interface. In Reframing Consciousness, UK: Intellect, 1999. Print. Schiphorst, Thecla. Body, Interface, Navigation Sense and the State Space. Paper presented at: The Art of programming: Sonic Acts, at Amsterdam, 2001. Print. Smalley, Spectro-morphology and Structuring Processes. In The Language of Electroacoustic Music. New York: Macmillan, 1986. Print. Smalley, Dennis. Spectromorphology: Explaining sound-shapes. Organized Sound 2 (2):107-26. Wiener, N. 19 48. Cybernetics: MIT Press, 1997. Thompson, Emily. The Soundscape of Modernity. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2004. Print. Taylor, Charles. Reflections, Reverberations, and Recitals†. Exploring Music: The Science and Technology of Tones and Tunes. CRC Press, 1999. pp. 232–4 Wishart. On Sonic Art. Ed. Simon Emmerson. UK: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996. Print. Wishart. Audible Design. A Plain and Easy Introduction to Practical Sound Composition. York, UK: Orpheus the Pantomime Ltd, 1994. Wade, Bonnie. Imaging sound: an ethno musicological study of music, art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Print. Yost, William. Fundamentals Of Hearing. NY: Academic Press, Inc., USA, 1994 Footnotes 1 LaBelle, Brandon and Roden, Steve. Site of sound: of architecture and the ear, Volume 1. London: Errant Bodies Press, 1999. Print. P.67 2 Hayles, Katherine. 1996. Embodied Virtuality: Or How To Put Bodies Back Into The Picture. In Immersed In Technology: Art and Virtual Environment s, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1996, Print. P.88 3 Paine, Garth. Gesture and Musical Interaction: Interactive Engagement Through Dynamic Morphology. Paper presented at NIME, at Hamamatsu, Japan, 2004. Print. Pp 23-30. 4 Moravec, Hans. Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1988. Print. pp 90 5 Schiphorst, Thecla. Body, Interface, Navigation Sense and the State Space. Paper presented at The Art of programming : Sonic Acts, at Amsterdam, 2001. Print. Pp 21-26 6 Smalley. Spectro-morphology and Structuring Processes. In The Language of Electroacoustic  Music. New York: Macmillan, 1986. Print. P.78 7 Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses. New York: Wiley-Academy, 2005. Print. p.65 8 Thompson, Emily. The Soundscape of Modernity. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2004. Print. P.54 9 Wade, Bonnie. Imaging sound: an ethno musicological study of music, art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Print. P. 45-46 10 Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses. New York: Wiley-Academy, 2005. Print. P. 66 11 Taylor, Charles. Reflections, Reverberations, and Recitals†. Exploring Music: The Science and Technology of Tones and Tunes. CRC Press, 1999. pp. 232–4 12 Scott, Jill. The Body as Interface. In Reframing Consciousness, UK: Intellect, 1999. Print. P. 23. 13 Smalley, Dennis. Spectromorphology: Explaining sound-shapes. Organised Sound 2 (2):107-26. Wiener, N. 1948. Cybernetics: MIT Press, 1997. Pp107-126 14 Sallie, Westwood; John, Williams. Imagining Cities: Scripts, Signs, Memory. Routledge, 1997. Print. 15 Paynter, John,et al. A Companion to Contemporary Musical Thought. London: Routledge Publishers, 1992. Print. Pp.89 16 Kahn, Douglas. Noise Water Meat — A History Of Sound In The Arts. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1999.pp.78 17 Alec, Nisbett. The Sound Studio: Audio Techniques for Radio, Television, Film and Recording. Focal Press, 2003. pp. 50 18 Thompson, Emily. The Soundscape of Modernity. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2004. Print.pp.48 19 Yost, William. Fundamentals Of Hearing. NY: Academic Press, Inc., USA, 1994.pp. 190 20 Thompson, Emily. The Soundscape of Modernity. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2004. Print. Pp 58-60 21 Smalley, Dennis. Spectromorphology: Explaining sound-shapes. Organised Sound 2 (2):107-26. Wiener, N. 1948. Cybernetics: MIT Press, 1997. Pp107-126 22 Campbell, Murray. The Musicians Guide to Acoustics. London: Sage Publications, 1987. Print. pp. 123-125. 23 Emmerson, Simon. The Language of Electroacoustic Music. London: Macmillan Press, 1986. Print. pp.98-105 24 Cox and D’Antonio. Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusors – Theory, Design and Application. London: Spon press.Print. pp. 48-54. 25 Ripley et al. In the place of sound: architecture, music, and acoustics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. Pp108-110. 26 Erickson, Robert. Sound Structure in Music. Berkeley: University of California Press 1975. Print. pp. 154 27 Bregman. Auditory Scene Analysis. The perceptual organisation of sound. London: MIT Press, 1994.pp. 78-79. 28 Wade, Bonnie. Imaging sound: an ethno musicological study of music, art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Print.p.56 29 Wishart. Audible Design. A Plain and Easy Introduction to Practical Sound Composition. York, UK: Orpheus the Pantomime Ltd, 1994. 30 LaBelle, Brandon and Roden, Steve. Site of sound: of architecture and the ear, Volume 1. London: Errant Bodies Press, 1999. Print. Pp132-134. 31 Wishart. On Sonic Art. Ed. Simon Emmerson. UK: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996. Print. pp 90-101. 32 Ripley et al. In the place of sound: architecture, music, and acoustics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.p.89 33 Thompson, Emily. The Soundscape of Modernity. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2004. Print.p.79. This essay on Sound and Space was written and submitted by user Viviana Hess to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.